{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399283387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020089","title":"Effects of Biochar Type on the Growth and Harvest Index of Onion (Allium cepa L.)","display_name":"Effects of Biochar Type on the Growth and Harvest Index of Onion (Allium cepa L.)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399283387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020089"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering6020089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/6/2/89/pdf?version=1717078536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/6/2/89/pdf?version=1717078536","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"\u00c1ngel Cede\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-3611","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-3611"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100674","display_name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez","ror":"https://ror.org/01wea3g49","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53110688","display_name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","ror":"https://ror.org/05yc77b46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53110688"]}],"countries":["EC","ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ngel Cede\u00f1o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador","\u00c1rea de Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7589-3611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c1rea de Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53110688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048522289","display_name":"Veris Antonio Saldarriaga Lucas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7706-2520","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7706-2520"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100674","display_name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez","ror":"https://ror.org/01wea3g49","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veris Saldarriaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019768154","display_name":"Galo Alexander Cede\u00f1o Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-5807","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-5807"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100674","display_name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez","ror":"https://ror.org/01wea3g49","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Galo Cede\u00f1o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022057451","display_name":"Geoconda Aracely L\u00f3pez \u00c1lava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4755-2032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100674","display_name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez","ror":"https://ror.org/01wea3g49","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geoconda L\u00f3pez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101727427","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mendoza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7237-4302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7237-4302"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100674","display_name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez","ror":"https://ror.org/01wea3g49","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mendoza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda Agr\u00edcola, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed Manuel F\u00e9lix L\u00f3pez, Calceta 130601, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100674","https://openalex.org/I53110688"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1819},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1819},"fwci":0.7121,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6712262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"1568","last_page":"1580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.2694999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12754","display_name":"Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques","score":0.2694999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.2410999983549118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12407","display_name":"Plant Growth Enhancement Techniques","score":0.19009999930858612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochar","display_name":"biochar","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allium-cepa","display_name":"onion","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-amendment","display_name":"soil amendment","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peanut-shell-biochar","display_name":"peanut shell biochar","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rice-husk-biochar","display_name":"rice husk biochar","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harvest-index","display_name":"harvest index","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-growth","display_name":"plant growth","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochar-application-rate","display_name":"biochar application rate","score":0.8600000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776460402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49391","display_name":"Allium","level":2,"score":0.9332585334777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56085101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495","display_name":"Biochar","level":3,"score":0.7724491953849792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.5322574973106384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5260070562362671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.37199801206588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.3423241376876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.340567409992218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3368675112724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33431583642959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2884913682937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.077503502368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.055705904960632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36759035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176848","display_name":"Pyrolysis","level":2,"score":0.03593569993972778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering6020089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/6/2/89/pdf?version=1717078536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a8f164b12fb44d88acb4d555334c5b3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a8f164b12fb44d88acb4d555334c5b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering, Vol 6, Iss 2, Pp 1568-1580 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agriengineering6020089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020089","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6020089","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/6/2/89/pdf?version=1717078536","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177564","display_name":"AgriEngineering","issn_l":"2624-7402","issn":["2624-7402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AgriEngineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.991100013256073},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":0.7605999708175659},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5925999879837036}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399283387.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399283387.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W224782287","https://openalex.org/W1903241269","https://openalex.org/W1947538135","https://openalex.org/W1968051693","https://openalex.org/W1994975670","https://openalex.org/W2093225031","https://openalex.org/W2101020813","https://openalex.org/W2148583852","https://openalex.org/W2270332102","https://openalex.org/W2301100638","https://openalex.org/W2307744074","https://openalex.org/W2399436885","https://openalex.org/W2463512439","https://openalex.org/W2606187804","https://openalex.org/W2888949054","https://openalex.org/W2946589116","https://openalex.org/W2956092784","https://openalex.org/W2971800928","https://openalex.org/W2973370146","https://openalex.org/W3039700974","https://openalex.org/W3095202702","https://openalex.org/W3122928643","https://openalex.org/W3151235254","https://openalex.org/W3160198337","https://openalex.org/W3180417496","https://openalex.org/W3180765870","https://openalex.org/W3193071286","https://openalex.org/W3194467500","https://openalex.org/W3198047280","https://openalex.org/W3199931955","https://openalex.org/W3201311496","https://openalex.org/W3214952861","https://openalex.org/W4200226849","https://openalex.org/W4200339548","https://openalex.org/W4200450138","https://openalex.org/W4207069198","https://openalex.org/W4212990723","https://openalex.org/W4221020340","https://openalex.org/W4280495950","https://openalex.org/W4281986876","https://openalex.org/W4292068520","https://openalex.org/W4297452256","https://openalex.org/W4311586379","https://openalex.org/W4312053149","https://openalex.org/W4319072528","https://openalex.org/W4321794881","https://openalex.org/W4360980581","https://openalex.org/W4387233891","https://openalex.org/W4388870873","https://openalex.org/W4391420528","https://openalex.org/W6931973539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409874652","https://openalex.org/W4405010012","https://openalex.org/W4391420528","https://openalex.org/W3048354612","https://openalex.org/W2534693450","https://openalex.org/W4412828553","https://openalex.org/W4291291779","https://openalex.org/W3201311496","https://openalex.org/W2108985531","https://openalex.org/W3036530946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"examined":[2],"using":[3],"peanut":[4,91],"shells,":[5],"rice":[6,107,130],"husks,":[7],"and":[8,27,34,66,90,102,108,120,152],"cocoa":[9,51,109],"husks":[10],"as":[11],"soil":[12],"conditioners":[13],"to":[14,38,80],"boost":[15],"yields":[16],"in":[17,112],"Allium":[18],"cepa":[19],"var.":[20],"Alvara":[21],"onions.":[22],"Three":[23],"types":[24],"of":[25,150],"biochar":[26,53,77,93,110,132,172],"four":[28],"application":[29,138,148],"rates":[30,149,173],"(1%,":[31],"1.5%,":[32],"3%,":[33],"5%)":[35,121],"were":[36,168],"compared":[37,79],"a":[39],"control":[40],"with":[41,50,170],"no":[42,140],"biochar.":[43],"The":[44],"biochars":[45],"had":[46,134,139],"different":[47],"nutrient":[48],"makeups,":[49],"husk":[52,92,131],"(CHB)":[54],"containing":[55],"the":[56,81,97,113,123,135,155],"most":[57],"essential":[58],"elements.":[59],"While":[60],"overall":[61],"plant":[62,84],"growth":[63],"(height,":[64],"leaves,":[65],"roots)":[67],"was":[68],"not":[69],"significantly":[70],"affected":[71],"(p":[72],">":[73,166],"0.05)":[74],"by":[75],"any":[76],"type":[78],"control,":[82],"some":[83],"parts":[85],"responded":[86],"differently.":[87],"CHB":[88],"(5%)":[89],"(PHB)":[94],"(1%)":[95],"yielded":[96],"tallest":[98],"onion":[99],"plants":[100],"(71":[101],"65":[103],"cm),":[104,127],"while":[105,128],"1%":[106],"resulted":[111],"shortest":[114],"(below":[115],"42":[116],"cm).":[117],"PHB":[118,153],"(3%":[119],"produced":[122],"longest":[124],"roots":[125],"(9":[126],"1.5%":[129],"(RHB)":[133],"shortest.":[136],"Biochar":[137],"significant":[141],"effect":[142],"on":[143],"leaf":[144],"count.":[145],"However,":[146],"specific":[147,171],"RHB":[151],"increased":[154],"harvest":[156],"index":[157],"(HI),":[158],"indicating":[159],"more":[160],"efficient":[161],"yield":[162],"allocation.":[163],"HI":[164],"values":[165],"0.85":[167],"obtained":[169],"(e.g.,":[174],"1.0\u20131.5%":[175],"PHB,":[176],"1.5\u20135%":[177],"RHB,":[178],"or":[179],"5.0%":[180],"CHB).":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2024-06-04T00:00:00"}
