{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399095877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010304524240514023735","title":"Spirulina Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review on Biotechnological Innovations, Nutritional Proficiency, and Clinical Implications","display_name":"Spirulina Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review on Biotechnological Innovations, Nutritional Proficiency, and Clinical Implications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399095877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010304524240514023735","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38803172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/0113892010304524240514023735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010304524240514023735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010304524240514023735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6052435","display_name":"Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology","issn_l":"1389-2010","issn":["1389-2010","1873-4316"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068253538","display_name":"Ravi Kumar Mittal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-2466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-2466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ravi K. Mittal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8234-2466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011401086","display_name":"Gaurav Krishna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1398-9340","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1398-9340"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82571370","display_name":"GLA University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnxgv12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Krishna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, GLA University,\nMathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India","Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1398-9340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, GLA University,\nMathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82571370"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086474562","display_name":"Vikram Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-7752","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-7752"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vikram Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-7752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Galgotias College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041093388","display_name":"Priyank Purohit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-4736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-4736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281160679","display_name":"Graphic Era Hill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01bb4h160","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281160679"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyank Purohit","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-4736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281160679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047632486","display_name":"Raghav Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5269-2860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5269-2860"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghav Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lloyd School of Pharmacy, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5269-2860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lloyd School of Pharmacy, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201306, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068253538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2961,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22648084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"10","first_page":"1441","last_page":"1458"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11390","display_name":"Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11390","display_name":"Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10476","display_name":"Algal biology and biofuel production","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14521","display_name":"Medicinal Plant Research","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spirulina","display_name":"Spirulina","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phycocyanin","display_name":"phycocyanin","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phycocyanin-extraction","display_name":"phycocyanin extraction","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phycocyanin-purification","display_name":"phycocyanin purification","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioactive-compounds","display_name":"bioactive compounds","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutritional-composition","display_name":"nutritional composition","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-activity","display_name":"antioxidant activity","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-inflammatory-activity","display_name":"anti-inflammatory activity","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticancer-activity","display_name":"anticancer activity","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiviral-activity","display_name":"antiviral activity","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-activity","display_name":"antimicrobial activity","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiallergic-activity","display_name":"anti-allergic activity","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-obesity-effect","display_name":"anti-obesity","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antihypertensive-effect","display_name":"antihypertensive effect","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunomodulation","display_name":"immunomodulation","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-application","display_name":"clinical application","score":0.6850000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285335","display_name":"Spirulina (dietary supplement)","level":3,"score":0.8933674693107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778093064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414177","display_name":"Phycocyanin","level":4,"score":0.5679583549499512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.5384805798530579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.42735356092453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.32688117027282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.31998735666275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.17655426263809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779669040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93315","display_name":"Cyanobacteria","level":3,"score":0.1679266393184662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.08012223243713379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001709","descriptor_name":"Biotechnology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010798","descriptor_name":"Phycocyanin","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010798","descriptor_name":"Phycocyanin","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010798","descriptor_name":"Phycocyanin","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053545","descriptor_name":"Spirulina","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D053545","descriptor_name":"Spirulina","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2174/0113892010304524240514023735","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010304524240514023735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0113892010304524240514023735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6052435","display_name":"Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology","issn_l":"1389-2010","issn":["1389-2010","1873-4316"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38803172","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38803172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current pharmaceutical biotechnology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":163,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W583080829","https://openalex.org/W1483332234","https://openalex.org/W1594930126","https://openalex.org/W1598170297","https://openalex.org/W1605274712","https://openalex.org/W1892464494","https://openalex.org/W1968391515","https://openalex.org/W1969068304","https://openalex.org/W1972685257","https://openalex.org/W1973196286","https://openalex.org/W1980191294","https://openalex.org/W1981817022","https://openalex.org/W1986103623","https://openalex.org/W1987355859","https://openalex.org/W1991764806","https://openalex.org/W1998950120","https://openalex.org/W2000974543","https://openalex.org/W2004467604","https://openalex.org/W2012180377","https://openalex.org/W2014151324","https://openalex.org/W2015312835","https://openalex.org/W2015857966","https://openalex.org/W2019409394","https://openalex.org/W2019647669","https://openalex.org/W2022830324","https://openalex.org/W2024084854","https://openalex.org/W2027079840","https://openalex.org/W2042499840","https://openalex.org/W2043999200","https://openalex.org/W2045876091","https://openalex.org/W2055269050","https://openalex.org/W2056419472","https://openalex.org/W2058230968","https://openalex.org/W2059763397","https://openalex.org/W2066446736","https://openalex.org/W2083575719","https://openalex.org/W2091135479","https://openalex.org/W2092355218","https://openalex.org/W2095814426","https://openalex.org/W2097338421","https://openalex.org/W2104286342","https://openalex.org/W2105642205","https://openalex.org/W2106265259","https://openalex.org/W2107445130","https://openalex.org/W2110149578","https://openalex.org/W2113998511","https://openalex.org/W2115909201","https://openalex.org/W2118733825","https://openalex.org/W2126899235","https://openalex.org/W2128785980","https://openalex.org/W2138883036","https://openalex.org/W2141319050","https://openalex.org/W2145172529","https://openalex.org/W2150231797","https://openalex.org/W2154310176","https://openalex.org/W2159468650","https://openalex.org/W2162578090","https://openalex.org/W2166914636","https://openalex.org/W2170642972","https://openalex.org/W2218487243","https://openalex.org/W2221089757","https://openalex.org/W2257164126","https://openalex.org/W2342272883","https://openalex.org/W2342362693","https://openalex.org/W2410364853","https://openalex.org/W2415454315","https://openalex.org/W2493131459","https://openalex.org/W2514087837","https://openalex.org/W2524551635","https://openalex.org/W2527514519","https://openalex.org/W2571612726","https://openalex.org/W2590276465","https://openalex.org/W2616909812","https://openalex.org/W2749780449","https://openalex.org/W2760608640","https://openalex.org/W2765203136","https://openalex.org/W2790157768","https://openalex.org/W2795828828","https://openalex.org/W2802207301","https://openalex.org/W2809830291","https://openalex.org/W2883528794","https://openalex.org/W2884050755","https://openalex.org/W2889384181","https://openalex.org/W2895209346","https://openalex.org/W2899444899","https://openalex.org/W2900858297","https://openalex.org/W2901893703","https://openalex.org/W2915780315","https://openalex.org/W2919898927","https://openalex.org/W2940151913","https://openalex.org/W2945860137","https://openalex.org/W2947783069","https://openalex.org/W2953560844","https://openalex.org/W2965001805","https://openalex.org/W2981521119","https://openalex.org/W2983881130","https://openalex.org/W2985072042","https://openalex.org/W2987226375","https://openalex.org/W2989565952","https://openalex.org/W2989735762","https://openalex.org/W2990167063","https://openalex.org/W2990289192","https://openalex.org/W3006205273","https://openalex.org/W3009773979","https://openalex.org/W3010246130","https://openalex.org/W3010438191","https://openalex.org/W3010503079","https://openalex.org/W3012169990","https://openalex.org/W3015550788","https://openalex.org/W3016522789","https://openalex.org/W3029357685","https://openalex.org/W3031601680","https://openalex.org/W3033695490","https://openalex.org/W3036174117","https://openalex.org/W3037939743","https://openalex.org/W3048265916","https://openalex.org/W3092614203","https://openalex.org/W3094951843","https://openalex.org/W3096597588","https://openalex.org/W3106801817","https://openalex.org/W3107659846","https://openalex.org/W3113933256","https://openalex.org/W3114510842","https://openalex.org/W3120814014","https://openalex.org/W3127560976","https://openalex.org/W3128344371","https://openalex.org/W3134020259","https://openalex.org/W3137121504","https://openalex.org/W3137392353","https://openalex.org/W3140179711","https://openalex.org/W3160647199","https://openalex.org/W3171066385","https://openalex.org/W3193722747","https://openalex.org/W3200368356","https://openalex.org/W3201125851","https://openalex.org/W3212364825","https://openalex.org/W3214419016","https://openalex.org/W4200592024","https://openalex.org/W4205192215","https://openalex.org/W4206617082","https://openalex.org/W4210369514","https://openalex.org/W4223511352","https://openalex.org/W4226148910","https://openalex.org/W4229016559","https://openalex.org/W4281718155","https://openalex.org/W4285403922","https://openalex.org/W4289521185","https://openalex.org/W4293715709","https://openalex.org/W4294204082","https://openalex.org/W4294631746","https://openalex.org/W4308169258","https://openalex.org/W4309891821","https://openalex.org/W4313343954","https://openalex.org/W4320917432","https://openalex.org/W4366091048","https://openalex.org/W4377220322","https://openalex.org/W4385073547","https://openalex.org/W4385144455","https://openalex.org/W4385222018","https://openalex.org/W4388072336","https://openalex.org/W4389180691","https://openalex.org/W4389955868","https://openalex.org/W4393308454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369087113","https://openalex.org/W3126797164","https://openalex.org/W7202341868","https://openalex.org/W2369446731","https://openalex.org/W2272306819","https://openalex.org/W2365129663","https://openalex.org/W2380307813","https://openalex.org/W2781307272","https://openalex.org/W4366091048","https://openalex.org/W2357717677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,33],"comprehensive":[1,48],"review":[2,45],"of":[3,31,50,64,73,94,102],"Spirulina":[4,36],"encompasses":[5],"biotechnology,":[6],"phycocyanin":[7],"production,":[8],"and":[9,13,28,38,62,79,85,125],"purification.":[10],"Bioactive":[11],"compounds":[12],"vital":[14],"nutrients":[15],"were":[16],"investigated":[17],"during":[18],"the":[19,24,51,60,71,98],"study.":[20],"The":[21,43,88],"literature":[22],"examines":[23],"potential":[25,99],"therapeutic":[26,52,100],"advantages":[27],"clinical":[29],"applications":[30,53,101],"Spirulina.":[32],"analysis":[34],"assesses":[35],"consumption":[37],"its":[39,105],"associated":[40],"health":[41],"risks.":[42],"current":[44],"offers":[46],"a":[47,92],"synthesis":[49],"as":[54,56,108],"well":[55],"technologies":[57],"utilized":[58],"for":[59,77],"extraction":[61],"purification":[63],"phycocyanin.":[65],"Moreover,":[66],"this":[67],"discourse":[68],"delves":[69],"into":[70],"examination":[72],"various":[74],"advantageous":[75],"techniques":[76],"extracting":[78],"purifying":[80],"phycocyanin,":[81,103],"encompassing":[82,104],"physical,":[83],"chemical,":[84],"enzymatic":[86],"methods.":[87],"data":[89],"derived":[90],"from":[91],"multitude":[93],"studies":[95],"strongly":[96],"indicate":[97],"notable":[106],"attributes":[107],"an":[109,126],"antioxidant,":[110],"anti-inflammatory":[111],"agent,":[112,114,116,118,120,122,124],"anticancer":[113],"antiviral":[115],"antimicrobial":[117],"antiallergic":[119],"anti-obesity":[121],"antihypertensive":[123],"immunological":[127],"agent.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2024-05-29T00:00:00"}