{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398764939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2024.3405309","title":"On the Ethics of Employing Artificial Intelligent Automation in Military Operational Contexts","display_name":"On the Ethics of Employing Artificial Intelligent Automation in Military Operational Contexts","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398764939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2024.3405309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tts.2024.3405309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2024.3405309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2024.3405309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208950","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","issn_l":"2637-6415","issn":["2637-6415"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040395718","display_name":"Wolfgang Koch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5734-3325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5734-3325"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166245","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics","ror":"https://ror.org/05nn0gw40","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166245","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["SDF, Fraunhofer FKIE, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5734-3325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SDF, Fraunhofer FKIE, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700","https://openalex.org/I4210166245"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074376111","display_name":"Dierk Spreen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-8632","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-8632"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205892228","display_name":"Berlin School of Economics and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/03rkmps36","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205892228"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094510","display_name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Milit\u00e4rgeschichte und Sozialwissenschaften der Bundeswehr","ror":"https://ror.org/0061vr059","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094510","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152969","display_name":"Bundeswehr","ror":"https://ror.org/00nmgny79","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dierk Spreen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fachbereich 1 Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Berlin School of Economics and Law (HWR), Berlin, Germany","Center for Military History and Social Sciences of the Bundeswehr (ZMSBw), Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-8632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fachbereich 1 Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Berlin School of Economics and Law (HWR), Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205892228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Military History and Social Sciences of the Bundeswehr (ZMSBw), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094510","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017207542","display_name":"Kairi Talves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6815-7137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6815-7137"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kairi Talves","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Ministry of Defence, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6815-7137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Ministry of Defence, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036924055","display_name":"Wolfgang Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-0551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-0551"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-0551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025007645","display_name":"Eleri Lillem\u00e4e","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8959-9993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8959-9993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800449768","display_name":"Estonian National Defense College","ror":"https://ror.org/008dewj11","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800449768"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleri Lillem\u00e4e","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Military Academy, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8959-9993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Military Academy, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800449768"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027621140","display_name":"Matthias Klaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2089-1530","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2089-1530"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Klaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","University of Cambridge and Capgemini, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2089-1530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge and Capgemini, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071872512","display_name":"Auli Viidalepp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6206-5681","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6206-5681"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Auli Viidalepp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Semiotics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Semiotics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042707603","display_name":"Camilla Guldahl Cooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4288-9421","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4288-9421"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121836","display_name":"Norwegian Defence University College","ror":"https://ror.org/02vfz9j23","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802841409","https://openalex.org/I4210121836"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Camilla Guldahl Cooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4288-9421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Defence Command and Staff College, Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092267100","display_name":"Janar Pekarev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-9165","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-9165"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800449768","display_name":"Estonian National Defense College","ror":"https://ror.org/008dewj11","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800449768"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janar Pekarev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Estonian Military Academy, Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-9165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian Military Academy, Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800449768"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2495,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2495},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96302763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"231","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8496000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8496000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12888","display_name":"Military Strategy and Technology","score":0.12929999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-ethics","display_name":"AI ethics","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-automation","display_name":"military automation","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaningful-human-control","display_name":"meaningful human control","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-training","display_name":"AI training","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"risk management","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop-decision-making","display_name":"human-in-the-loop decision making","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6717637181282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5236111283302307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4633311331272125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3909139931201935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3643653094768524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.35966193675994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3333090841770172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30540958046913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17708581686019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.11719173192977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10976436734199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tts.2024.3405309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2024.3405309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tts.2024.3405309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208950","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","issn_l":"2637-6415","issn":["2637-6415"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335998","display_name":"European Defence Industrial Development Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83349220","https://openalex.org/W104798001","https://openalex.org/W1580170997","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2039590334","https://openalex.org/W2059841346","https://openalex.org/W2117321267","https://openalex.org/W2145743241","https://openalex.org/W2485159285","https://openalex.org/W2522205163","https://openalex.org/W2525082088","https://openalex.org/W2747310458","https://openalex.org/W2770185995","https://openalex.org/W3133273219","https://openalex.org/W3181122649","https://openalex.org/W3216204563","https://openalex.org/W4205494183","https://openalex.org/W4251896869","https://openalex.org/W4285237357","https://openalex.org/W4293093818","https://openalex.org/W4376871247","https://openalex.org/W6633682965","https://openalex.org/W6905637953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388034337","https://openalex.org/W7161144717","https://openalex.org/W7216072432","https://openalex.org/W4416942793","https://openalex.org/W7161581578","https://openalex.org/W4394692015","https://openalex.org/W3041007006","https://openalex.org/W4394683499","https://openalex.org/W4394568114","https://openalex.org/W4405622728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,98],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,78],"explore":[4],"the":[5,37,66,110,160],"ethical":[6],"dimension":[7],"of":[8,41,127,162],"artificial":[9,42],"intelligent":[10,43],"automation":[11],"(often":[12],"called":[13],"AI)":[14],"in":[15,35,80],"military":[16,113],"systems":[17,55,59],"engineering,":[18],"and":[19,24,39,52,63,89,100,114,166],"present":[20],"conclusions.":[21],"Morality,":[22],"ethics,":[23],"ethos,":[25],"as":[26,28,84,143,149,153],"well":[27],"technical":[29,87],"excellence,":[30],"need":[31,132],"to":[32,104,120,133,157],"be":[33,60,134],"strengthened":[34],"both":[36,86,158],"developers":[38],"users":[40],"automation.":[44],"Only":[45],"then":[46],"can":[47],"critical":[48],"innovations":[49],"like":[50],"cognitive":[51],"volitive":[53],"assistance":[54],"or":[56],"automated":[57],"weapon":[58],"wielded":[61],"efficiently":[62],"beneficially":[64],"within":[65],"given":[67],"legal":[68],"constraints.":[69],"Meaningful":[70],"human":[71],"control":[72],"takes":[73],"center":[74],"stage":[75],"here,":[76],"which":[77],"understand":[79],"a":[81,137],"broad":[82],"sense":[83],"involving":[85,142],"controllability":[88],"accountability":[90],"for":[91,97,124],"outcomes.":[92],"Explainable":[93],"AI":[94],"is":[95],"essential":[96],"task":[99],"requires":[101],"rigorous":[102],"testing":[103],"ensure":[105,121],"deliberate":[106],"decision":[107],"making":[108],"by":[109,136],"user.":[111],"The":[112],"industrial":[115],"communities":[116],"must":[117],"work":[118],"together":[119],"adequate":[122],"training":[123],"responsible":[125],"use":[126],"AI-automation.":[128],"Finally,":[129],"these":[130,163],"developments":[131],"accompanied":[135],"politically":[138],"supported":[139],"open":[140],"discourse,":[141],"many":[144],"stakeholders":[145],"from":[146],"diverse":[147],"backgrounds":[148],"possible.":[150],"This":[151],"serves":[152],"an":[154],"extensive":[155],"approach":[156],"manage":[159],"risks":[161],"new":[164],"technologies":[165],"prevent":[167],"exaggerated":[168],"risk":[169],"avoidance":[170],"impeding":[171],"necessary":[172],"development.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2024-05-25T00:00:00"}
