{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042m","title":"Optical calcite deposits in Park and Sweet Grass Counties, Montana","display_name":"Optical calcite deposits in Park and Sweet Grass Counties, Montana","publication_year":1958,"publication_date":"1958-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042m","mag":"4398540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3133/b1042m","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042m","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042m","pdf_url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1042m/report.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1042m/report.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070425788","display_name":"Walter Clericus Stoll","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W.C. Stoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["property "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"property ","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046697071","display_name":"Frank Clarkson Armstrong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank C. Armstrong","raw_affiliation_strings":["property "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"property ","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13443","display_name":"Mineralogy and Gemology Studies","score":0.47749999165534973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13443","display_name":"Mineralogy and Gemology Studies","score":0.47749999165534973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13193","display_name":"Geological Studies and Exploration","score":0.38179999589920044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13021","display_name":"Geology and Environmental Impact Studies","score":0.039799999445676804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcite-deposits","display_name":"calcite deposits","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/park-county-montana","display_name":"Park County, Montana","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcite-veins","display_name":"calcite veins","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-controlled-mineralization","display_name":"fault-controlled mineralization","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stilbite","display_name":"stilbite","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780191791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171917","display_name":"Calcite","level":2,"score":0.7654749155044556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.44484078884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.3721798062324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.36237186193466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3554796576499939}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3133/b1042m","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042m","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042m","pdf_url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1042m/report.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3133/b1042m","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042m","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/b1042m","pdf_url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1042m/report.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398540.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4398540.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113208267","https://openalex.org/W1515234292","https://openalex.org/W1521672817","https://openalex.org/W1533872573","https://openalex.org/W1564418368","https://openalex.org/W1979609591","https://openalex.org/W1981262127","https://openalex.org/W2009557640","https://openalex.org/W2028561782","https://openalex.org/W2054699420","https://openalex.org/W2091282408","https://openalex.org/W2091840519","https://openalex.org/W2278421296","https://openalex.org/W2317596189","https://openalex.org/W2619733668","https://openalex.org/W2920527255","https://openalex.org/W4248901549","https://openalex.org/W6738570773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W115854950","https://openalex.org/W2058138873","https://openalex.org/W4406783958","https://openalex.org/W2304413410","https://openalex.org/W229964988","https://openalex.org/W1981262127","https://openalex.org/W242148613","https://openalex.org/W2054834268","https://openalex.org/W2038356558","https://openalex.org/W2025609703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"calcite":[1,44,128,136,145,295,309,390,448,469,576,627,801],"deposits":[2,38,628,811,828],"of":[3,24,60,67,80,97,103,108,134,142,154,171,175,181,190,198,204,218,225,234,244,247,291,317,324,335,341,367,382,413,447,460,466,473,486,497,502,505,563,587,611,649,657,674,680,706,751,799,809,841,849,858,865,876,898,904,916,952],"Park":[4,814],"and":[5,27,35,90,129,187,193,213,220,229,250,279,302,331,337,361,399,408,430,482,494,548,569,590,601,667,689,710,722,729,740,747,758,773,777,783,788,815,826,838,843,846,854,869,871,887,901,914,926,942,950,960,965,975,981,985],"Sweet":[6],"Grass":[7],"Counties,":[8],"Mont.,":[9],"although":[10],"mined":[11,884],"locally":[12],"for":[13,45,118,762,932,968],"chicken":[14],"grits,":[15],"had":[16,113,495,552],"yielded":[17],"only":[18],"slightly":[19],"more":[20],"than":[21,77,418,882],"600":[22],"pounds":[23,79,96],"optical":[25,82,98,119,135,144,468,626,800],"spar":[26],"mineral":[28],"specimens":[29],"before":[30],"World":[31,68],"War":[32,69],"II.During":[33],"1942":[34],"1943":[36],"the":[37,54,61,65,101,106,110,127,143,155,167,176,222,226,230,241,257,260,275,281,289,292,342,352,376,379,383,387,393,406,409,419,431,450,454,464,487,506,511,519,523,535,574,597,620,623,630,647,650,658,664,672,675,681,698,703,727,744,755,768,797,810,817,827,836,847,855,859,877,899,905,920],"were":[39,57,490,534,546,565,578,823,829,863,874,885],"exploited":[40],"extensively":[41],"to":[42,75,239,402,427,500,530,596,619,717,732,795,893],"obtain":[43,894],"use":[46],"in":[47,139,166,254,392,405,449,492,543,580,622,629,646,663,754,781,786,824,831,891],"a":[48,115,214,245,267,364,655,692,749,895],"new":[49],"antiaircraft":[50],"sight":[51],"developed":[52,114],"by":[53,445,453,457,556,583,614,735,748,767,806,956],"Polaroid":[55,111],"Corporation.Records":[56],"not":[58,642,911],"kept":[59],"first":[62],"production":[63,940],"after":[64],"beginning":[66],"II,":[70],"but":[71,158],"it":[72],"probably":[73],"amounted":[74],"less":[76],"1,000":[78],"acceptable":[81],"calcite.Available":[83],"records":[84],"indicate":[85],"that":[86,299,395,640,802],"Calcite":[87,969],"Operators,":[88,970],"Inc.,":[89,971],"Metals":[91,933],"Reserve":[92,934],"Company":[93],"produced":[94,805],"9,217.5":[95],"material":[99,508,521],"during":[100,606,778],"period":[102,610],"intensive":[104],"mining.By":[105],"summer":[107],"1944":[109,818],"Corporation":[112],"synthetic":[116],"substitute":[117,121],"calcite.The":[120],"was":[122,339,765,793,910,954],"nearly":[123],"as":[124,126,311,315,322],"good":[125],"could":[130,803],"be":[131,240,403,804],"mass":[132],"produced.Mining":[133],"ceased,":[137],"therefore,":[138],"August":[140,787],"1944.Most":[141],"has":[146,161,263,284],"been":[147,162,264,285,346,463,553,604,643],"obtained":[148,163],"from":[149,164,439,510,518,690],"veins":[150,165,296,327,344,414,422,577,592,639,842,880],"cutting":[151],"sedimentary":[152,223],"rocks":[153,174,224],"Livingston":[156,168,177,195,227,231,261,282,666,691],"formation,":[157],"some":[159,516],"also":[160,328],"igneous":[169,196,232,599],"series":[170,197,233],"Parsons":[172,199,235],"(1942).Sedimentary":[173],"formation":[178,228,262,283],"are":[179,237,415,423,632,670,730],"composed":[180],"andesitic":[182,205],"sandstone,":[183,210],"tuff,":[184,206],"shale,":[185],"conglomerate,":[186,212],"local":[188,598,947],"intercalations":[189],"volcanic":[191,211],"breccia":[192],"agglomerate.The":[194],"(1942)":[200,236],"is":[201,386,654],"made":[202,864,875],"up":[203,287,697],"breccia,":[207],"agglomerate,":[208],"tuffaceous":[209],"few":[215,326],"thin":[216],"flows":[217],"andesite":[219],"basalt.Both":[221],"believed":[238],"stratigraphic":[242],"equivalents":[243],"number":[246],"Upper":[248],"Cretaceous":[249],"lower":[251],"Tertiary":[252],"formations":[253],"areas":[255],"nearby.In":[256],"calcite-producing":[258],"area":[259],"folded":[265],"into":[266],"broad,":[268],"flat,":[269],"synclinal":[270],"trough":[271],"trending":[272],"about":[273,372],"north.To":[274],"northeast,":[276],"west,":[277],"southwest,":[278],"south":[280,716],"turned":[286],"along":[288,743],"fronts":[290],"surrounding":[293],"mountains.The":[294],"occupy":[297],"faults":[298,443],"trend":[300],"northwestward":[301],"dip":[303],"steeply":[304,410],"either":[305],"southwestward":[306],"or":[307,321,737],"northeastward.The":[308],"occurs":[310],"thick":[312,370],"massive":[313],"veins,":[314,320],"systems":[316],"branching":[318],"smaller":[319],"stockworks":[323],"veinlets.A":[325],"contain":[329],"stilbite,":[330],"one":[332],"occurrence":[333],"each":[334],"laumontite":[336],"chalcedony":[338],"found.Some":[340],"larger":[343],"have":[345,363,462,603,641],"traced":[347],"several":[348,498,636],"thousand":[349],"feet":[350,374,477,480,484],"on":[351,378,442,671,851,946],"431":[353],"432":[354],"CONTRIBUTIONS":[355],"TO":[356],"ECONOMIC":[357],"GiEOIX)GY":[358],"o":[359],"surface":[360,377,867],"may":[362,602],"maximum":[365],"thickness":[366],"20":[368],"feet.A":[369],"vein":[371,391,524,906],"100":[373],"below":[375],"bottom":[380],"level":[381],"Wade":[384,974],"property":[385,979],"deepest":[388],"worked":[389],"area.Veins":[394],"cut":[396],"both":[397,687],"shale":[398],"sandstone":[400],"tend":[401],"thicker":[404,417],"sandstone;":[407],"dipping":[411],"parts":[412],"generally":[416],"flatter":[420],"parts.Many":[421],"conspicuously":[424],"banded":[425],"parallel":[426],"their":[428,888],"walls,":[429],"individual":[432],"bands":[433,437],"exhibit":[434],"comb":[435],"structure.The":[436],"resulted":[438],"repeated":[440],"movement":[441],"followed":[444],"deposition":[446],"openings":[451],"formed":[452],"movement.Vugs":[455],"created":[456],"incomplete":[458],"filling":[459],"fissures":[461],"source":[465],"all":[467,544],"mined.The":[470],"largest":[471,661],"vug":[472],"record":[474],"measured":[475],"70":[476],"long,":[478],"30":[479],"wide,":[481],"3":[483,529],"thick.Most":[485],"productive":[488,526],"vugs":[489,527,545],"tabular":[491],"shape":[493],"volumes":[496],"tens":[499],"hundreds":[501],"cubic":[503],"feet.Most":[504],"usable":[507],"came":[509,517],"clear":[512],"crystal":[513,541,550],"tips,":[514],"though":[515],"\"root\"":[520],"nearer":[522],"walls.In":[525],"crystals":[528,564],"8":[531],"inches":[532],"across":[533],"most":[536,539],"numerous.The":[537],"two":[538,779],"common":[540],"forms":[542],"rhombohedrons":[547],"scalenohedrons.All":[549],"faces":[551],"strongly":[554],"etched":[555],"ground":[557],"water.The":[558],"principal":[559],"defects":[560],"causing":[561],"rejection":[562],"excess":[566],"opaqueness,":[567],"twinning,":[568],"incipient":[570],"cleavage":[571],"fractures":[572,582],"within":[573],"crystal.The":[575],"deposited":[579,605],"open":[581],"rising":[584],"hydrothermal":[585],"solutions":[586],"low":[588],"temperature":[589],"pressure.The":[591],"appear":[593],"genetically":[594],"related":[595],"activity,":[600],"an":[607],"earlier":[608,791],"hypogene":[609],"carbonate":[612],"mineralization":[613],"ancient":[615],"hot":[616],"springs":[617],"similar":[618],".presentones":[621],"area.All":[624],"known":[625],"counties":[631],"described":[633],"here,":[634],"including":[635],"other":[637,881,943],"large":[638],"exploited.Deer":[644],"Creeks":[645],"foothills":[648],"Beartooth":[651],"Mountains.Plate":[652],"23":[653],"map":[656],"calcite-bearing":[659],"area.The":[660],"cities":[662],"area,":[665],"Big":[668],"Timber,":[669],"banks":[673],"Yellowstone":[676,718],"River.The":[677],"main":[678,733,745],"line":[679,694],"Northern":[682],"Pacific":[683],"Railway":[684],"passes":[685],"through":[686,702],"places,":[688],"branch":[693,712],"runs":[695,713],"north,":[696],"Shields":[699],"River":[700],"valley":[701],"small":[704],"settlements":[705],"Grannis,":[707],"Clyde":[708,813],"Park,":[709],"Wilsall.Another":[711],"50":[714],"miles":[715],"National":[719],"Park.Small":[720],"villages":[721],"many":[723,821],"ranches":[724],"lie":[725],"near":[726,812],"streams":[728],"connected":[731],"highways":[734],"paved":[736],"graded":[738],"Federal":[739],"State":[741],"roads":[742,753],"rivers":[746],"system":[750],"dirt":[752],"hinterland.Field":[756],"work":[757,761,792,820,834],"acknowledgments.The":[759],"field":[760,819],"this":[763],"report":[764],"done":[766,794],"writers":[769],"between":[770],"November":[771],"18":[772],"December":[774],"5,":[775],"1943,":[776],"weeks":[780,785],"May":[782],"five":[784],"September":[789],"1944.The":[790],"determine":[796],"amount":[798],"systematic":[807],"mining":[808,917,930],"Wilsall.During":[816],"mines":[822],"operation,":[825],"studied":[830],"detail":[832],"underground.Field":[833],"included":[835],"examination":[837],"detailed":[839],"mapping":[840,909],"host":[844],"rocks,":[845],"assembling":[848],"data":[850],"production,":[852,949],"excavation,":[853],"economic":[856],"value":[857],"deposits.Large-scale":[860],"planetable":[861],"maps":[862,873],"selected":[866],"areas,":[868],"compass":[870],"tape":[872],"underground":[878],"workings.Many":[879],"those":[883],"visited":[886],"location":[889,951],"plotted":[890],"order":[892],"better":[896],"knowledge":[897],"geographic":[900],"geologic":[902,908],"relations":[903],"systems.Areal":[907],"attempted.Land":[912],"owners":[913],"personnel":[915],"organizations":[918],"gave":[919],"fullest":[921],"cooperation.Leo":[922],"J.":[923,976],"Coady,":[924],"contractor,":[925],"Eric":[927],"G.":[928],"Ericson,":[929],"engineer":[931],"Company,":[935],"provided":[936],"maps,":[937],"stope":[938],"surveys,":[939],"data,":[941],"necessary":[944],"material.Information":[945],"history,":[948],"outcrops":[953],"given":[955],"R.":[957],"D.":[958],"Hoffman":[959],"A.":[961],"L.":[962],"Anderson,":[963],"manager":[964],"foreman,":[966],"respectively,":[967],"W.":[972],"H.":[973],"B.":[977],"Killorn,":[978],"owners,":[980],"Edwin":[982],"Over,":[983],"prospector":[984],"operator":[986]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}