{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4398249244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","title":"Redefining the Role of Analgesic Adjuvants in Pain Management: A Narrative Review","display_name":"Redefining the Role of Analgesic Adjuvants in Pain Management: A Narrative Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4398249244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188869","display_name":"Indian Journal of Pain","issn_l":"0970-5333","issn":["0970-5333","2321-7820"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Pain","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027116486","display_name":"Arinze Duke George Nwosu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4005-6100","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4005-6100"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405286024","display_name":"National Orthopaedic Hospital, Igbobi, Lagos","ror":"https://ror.org/00z32p079","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405286024"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arinze Duke George Nwosu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anaesthesia, National Orthopaedic Hospital, Parklane, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anaesthesia, National Orthopaedic Hospital, Parklane, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112566927","display_name":"Leo Clinton Chukwu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121708413","display_name":"Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University","ror":"https://ror.org/018ze3r73","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121708413"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo C. Chukwu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Amaku Awka Campus, Awka, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Amaku Awka Campus, Awka, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121708413"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005421726","display_name":"Okechukwu Onwuasoigwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1228-8040","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1228-8040"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164256","display_name":"University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05fx5mz56","country_code":"NG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164256"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Okechukwu Onwuasoigwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Orthopaedics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Orthopaedics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098776420","display_name":"Sylvester O. Nweze","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131561025","display_name":"Enugu State University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ntynb59","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131561025"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvester O. Nweze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ESUT Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ESUT Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131561025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109269708","display_name":"Kenneth Ikechukwu Nwadike","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Nwadike","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027116486"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405286024"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4555,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44663171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"2","first_page":"65","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.7157999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.7157999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.2728999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10196","display_name":"Pain Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjuvant-analgesics","display_name":"adjuvant analgesics","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pain-management","display_name":"pain management","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-side-effects","display_name":"opioid side effects","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-crisis","display_name":"opioid epidemic","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-overdose","display_name":"opioid overdose","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-pain","display_name":"acute pain","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-pain","display_name":"chronic pain","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropathic-pain","display_name":"neuropathic pain","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractory-pain","display_name":"refractory pain","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outpatient-surgery","display_name":"outpatient surgery","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-recovery-after-surgery","display_name":"enhanced recovery after surgery","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-track-care","display_name":"fast-track care","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-cannabis","display_name":"medical cannabis","score":0.828000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8880516290664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780820201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173235","display_name":"Analgesic","level":2,"score":0.7681268453598022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088113","display_name":"Chronic pain","level":2,"score":0.7365342378616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.5443912744522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.5378875136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777863537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357896","display_name":"Adjuvant","level":2,"score":0.5239018201828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55932262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7827726","display_name":"Pain ladder","level":4,"score":0.481221467256546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.34979599714279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.34046250581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778904085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3712728","display_name":"Cancer pain","level":3,"score":0.3303285837173462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.25924980640411377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10565510392189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188869","display_name":"Indian Journal of Pain","issn_l":"0970-5333","issn":["0970-5333","2321-7820"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Pain","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ae705f352794121974052a581d99763","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ae705f352794121974052a581d99763","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Pain, Vol 37, Iss 2, Pp 65-73 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpn.ijpn_23_22","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188869","display_name":"Indian Journal of Pain","issn_l":"0970-5333","issn":["0970-5333","2321-7820"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Indian Journal of Pain","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3316025","https://openalex.org/W135298769","https://openalex.org/W181977696","https://openalex.org/W761590156","https://openalex.org/W1524884419","https://openalex.org/W1546041226","https://openalex.org/W1644982027","https://openalex.org/W1796499594","https://openalex.org/W1972633101","https://openalex.org/W1983953723","https://openalex.org/W1994514751","https://openalex.org/W2002052041","https://openalex.org/W2019394465","https://openalex.org/W2020187548","https://openalex.org/W2030336964","https://openalex.org/W2030988502","https://openalex.org/W2034246993","https://openalex.org/W2055390636","https://openalex.org/W2061208633","https://openalex.org/W2068290534","https://openalex.org/W2068972720","https://openalex.org/W2073000525","https://openalex.org/W2084567915","https://openalex.org/W2089545702","https://openalex.org/W2094310013","https://openalex.org/W2100000114","https://openalex.org/W2104525019","https://openalex.org/W2104659314","https://openalex.org/W2106973613","https://openalex.org/W2109927649","https://openalex.org/W2110791210","https://openalex.org/W2114300413","https://openalex.org/W2114393553","https://openalex.org/W2128813848","https://openalex.org/W2138697369","https://openalex.org/W2141857327","https://openalex.org/W2142808980","https://openalex.org/W2143560064","https://openalex.org/W2161298308","https://openalex.org/W2164911642","https://openalex.org/W2200436189","https://openalex.org/W2240566294","https://openalex.org/W2336983788","https://openalex.org/W2408104564","https://openalex.org/W2410142354","https://openalex.org/W2431181376","https://openalex.org/W2511260919","https://openalex.org/W2560716603","https://openalex.org/W2584667557","https://openalex.org/W2588410069","https://openalex.org/W2739771882","https://openalex.org/W2739816657","https://openalex.org/W2744987843","https://openalex.org/W2766090311","https://openalex.org/W2769843943","https://openalex.org/W2800947914","https://openalex.org/W2806113917","https://openalex.org/W2883005877","https://openalex.org/W2896769073","https://openalex.org/W2912654919","https://openalex.org/W2914004738","https://openalex.org/W2921779032","https://openalex.org/W2925285214","https://openalex.org/W2949666813","https://openalex.org/W2952712394","https://openalex.org/W2993430564","https://openalex.org/W3005304034","https://openalex.org/W3014391478","https://openalex.org/W3020793132","https://openalex.org/W3036483485","https://openalex.org/W3039492751","https://openalex.org/W3041572802","https://openalex.org/W3043476716","https://openalex.org/W3043609059","https://openalex.org/W3091652820","https://openalex.org/W3125272396","https://openalex.org/W3154625544","https://openalex.org/W3157298775","https://openalex.org/W3174232541","https://openalex.org/W3196654962","https://openalex.org/W3200680866","https://openalex.org/W3206849724","https://openalex.org/W4211048968","https://openalex.org/W4246525185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993718115","https://openalex.org/W2039686437","https://openalex.org/W2119345013","https://openalex.org/W168422560","https://openalex.org/W2016221267","https://openalex.org/W2226743458","https://openalex.org/W3013129917","https://openalex.org/W4205734476","https://openalex.org/W4249316931","https://openalex.org/W4256122808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"analgesics":[1,30,148,169],"have":[2,18,76,107,127],"traditionally":[3],"been":[4,40],"the":[5,58,110,133,144,175,186,193,202,205,220,224],"mainstay":[6],"of":[7,73,81,135,146,167,189,195,204],"pain":[8,12,47,89,114,138,141,151,179],"management,":[9,115],"but":[10],"unsatisfactory":[11],"relief":[13],"and":[14,26,69,87,100,124,139,155,161,197,200],"troubling":[15],"side":[16,60],"effects":[17,36],"led":[19,77],"to":[20,78,143,173,184,207,237],"continuing":[21],"search":[22,217],"for":[23,112,120,132,228],"more":[24],"efficacious":[25],"safer":[27],"remedies.":[28],"Adjuvant":[29],"are":[31],"drugs":[32],"with":[33,49,116],"beneficial":[34],"analgesic":[35,53,190],"despite":[37],"not":[38],"having":[39],"developed":[41],"as":[42,55,57],"analgesics.":[43],"Adjuvants":[44],"facilitate":[45],"better":[46],"control":[48],"a":[50],"reduction":[51],"in":[52,84,94,149,158,178,192,201,232],"consumption,":[54],"well":[56],"concomitant":[59],"effects.":[61],"The":[62,91],"opioid":[63,67],"epidemic,":[64],"deaths":[65],"from":[66,235],"overdose,":[68],"several":[70],"other":[71,125],"complications":[72],"opioid-based":[74],"analgesia":[75],"increasing":[79,118],"interrogation":[80],"its":[82],"use":[83],"both":[85],"acute":[86,113,196],"chronic":[88,137,198,208],"settings.":[90],"current":[92],"trends":[93],"surgical":[95],"practice,":[96],"especially":[97],"ambulatory":[98],"surgery":[99],"enhanced":[101],"recovery":[102],"after":[103],"surgery/fast-track":[104],"care":[105],"pathways":[106],"profoundly":[108],"impacted":[109],"choices":[111],"an":[117,215],"role":[119,188],"adjuvants.":[121],"Medicinal":[122],"cannabis":[123],"adjuvants":[126,191],"also":[128],"become":[129],"increasingly":[130],"popular":[131],"management":[134,194],"intractable":[136],"neuropathic":[140],"owing":[142],"inadequacy":[145],"conventional":[147],"these":[150],"states.":[152],"As":[153],"clinical":[154],"research":[156],"interest":[157],"patient":[159,162],"safety":[160],"satisfaction":[163],"evolve":[164],"further":[165],"development":[166],"adjuvant":[168],"will":[170],"be":[171],"expected":[172],"fill":[174],"existing":[176],"gaps":[177],"management.":[180],"This":[181],"review":[182],"aims":[183],"examine":[185],"expanding":[187],"pains,":[199],"prevention":[203],"transition":[206],"pain.":[209],"In":[210],"doing":[211],"so,":[212],"we":[213],"conducted":[214],"online":[216],"primarily":[218],"on":[219],"PUBMED":[221],"database":[222],"using":[223],"term":[225],"\u201canalgesic":[226],"adjuvant\u201d":[227],"human":[229],"studies":[230],"published":[231],"peer-reviewed":[233],"journals":[234],"2000":[236],"2022.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-24T09:50:30.924529","created_date":"2024-05-24T00:00:00"}
