{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396988232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","title":"Instruction on the Scientific Method Provides (Some) Protection Against Illusions of Causality","display_name":"Instruction on the Scientific Method Provides (Some) Protection Against Illusions of Causality","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396988232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38828432","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11142631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/opmi_a_00141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488191322","display_name":"Open Mind","issn_l":"2470-2986","issn":["2470-2986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024798015","display_name":"Julie Y. L. Chow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7515-9601","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7515-9601"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julie Y. L. Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney","School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025484518","display_name":"Micah B. Goldwater","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-9497","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-9497"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micah B. Goldwater","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044132185","display_name":"Ben Colagiuri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-2641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2157-2641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben Colagiuri","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088935506","display_name":"Evan James Livesey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5731-7098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5731-7098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evan J. Livesey","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024798015","https://openalex.org/A5044132185"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602","https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"apc_list":{"value":950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":950},"apc_paid":{"value":950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":950},"fwci":1.4787,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8010929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"639","last_page":"665"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.7900000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.7900000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12448","display_name":"Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs","score":0.028300000354647636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.016899999231100082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-illusions","display_name":"causal illusions","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-method-instruction","display_name":"scientific method instruction","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-efficacy-evaluation","display_name":"treatment efficacy assessment","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illusory-correlation","display_name":"illusory correlation","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingency-learning","display_name":"contingency learning","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-mitigation","display_name":"bias mitigation","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-judgment","display_name":"causal judgment","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-bias","display_name":"sampling bias","score":0.3959999978542328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.6867266893386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184047640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593","display_name":"Illusion","level":2,"score":0.6152395606040955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5846669673919678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5038608908653259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.49797654151916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.49416735768318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.4748433232307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.44851356744766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148116889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065707","display_name":"Illusion of control","level":2,"score":0.42939573526382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.42920905351638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.42014622688293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1853867769241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13029244542121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/opmi_a_00141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488191322","display_name":"Open Mind","issn_l":"2470-2986","issn":["2470-2986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11142631","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11142631","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11142631/pdf/opmi-08-639.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind (Camb)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38828432","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38828432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e47075f0961547818943d300e0ebee79","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e47075f0961547818943d300e0ebee79","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind, Vol 8 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E018E-C34-126","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://osf.io/9wckv/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"project"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/opmi_a_00141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/opmi_a_00141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2488191322","display_name":"Open Mind","issn_l":"2470-2986","issn":["2470-2986"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Mind","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4958974298","display_name":"Solving the inert knowledge problem.","funder_award_id":"DP150104267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7420600448","display_name":"Learning to stop: linking intra-cortical inhibition to response control","funder_award_id":"DP190100410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W156186968","https://openalex.org/W1488862666","https://openalex.org/W1585587308","https://openalex.org/W1849190772","https://openalex.org/W1965831205","https://openalex.org/W1986776260","https://openalex.org/W2009633682","https://openalex.org/W2010666181","https://openalex.org/W2019237583","https://openalex.org/W2019648400","https://openalex.org/W2022640694","https://openalex.org/W2025865586","https://openalex.org/W2031024280","https://openalex.org/W2035007309","https://openalex.org/W2045491023","https://openalex.org/W2069581907","https://openalex.org/W2072429940","https://openalex.org/W2091614628","https://openalex.org/W2091893120","https://openalex.org/W2099077593","https://openalex.org/W2102630578","https://openalex.org/W2128371880","https://openalex.org/W2139537053","https://openalex.org/W2143841415","https://openalex.org/W2145515990","https://openalex.org/W2160944596","https://openalex.org/W2161418887","https://openalex.org/W2162915493","https://openalex.org/W2289149443","https://openalex.org/W2335381902","https://openalex.org/W2412077171","https://openalex.org/W2566765511","https://openalex.org/W2626214515","https://openalex.org/W2901570700","https://openalex.org/W2920457207","https://openalex.org/W2921970233","https://openalex.org/W2957053536","https://openalex.org/W3047051919","https://openalex.org/W3211145066","https://openalex.org/W4313429023","https://openalex.org/W4389725397","https://openalex.org/W4399650694","https://openalex.org/W6768136263","https://openalex.org/W6869601261"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920457207","https://openalex.org/W2921970233","https://openalex.org/W3047051919","https://openalex.org/W2944021187","https://openalex.org/W3093576193","https://openalex.org/W3094882385","https://openalex.org/W7005447981","https://openalex.org/W4410126806","https://openalex.org/W7066717674","https://openalex.org/W6908381151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"People":[1],"tend":[2],"to":[3,25,34,189,206],"overestimate":[4],"the":[5,14,27,36,49,87,96,130,139,184,211,230,233],"efficacy":[6,127],"of":[7,38,41,52,68,141,152,169,193,213,232,253,260],"an":[8,42,257],"ineffective":[9,43,131],"treatment":[10,15,44,54,63,254],"when":[11,61,196,229],"they":[12],"experience":[13],"and":[16,155,222],"its":[17],"supposed":[18],"outcome":[19,28,234],"co-occurring":[20],"frequently.":[21],"This":[22],"is":[23,64,246],"referred":[24],"as":[26,100,102,200,202],"density":[29],"effect.":[30],"Here,":[31],"we":[32,118,164],"attempted":[33],"improve":[35],"accuracy":[37],"participants\u2019":[39,191],"assessments":[40],"by":[45,86,95,122,149],"instructing":[46],"them":[47],"about":[48,242],"scientific":[50,185,261],"practice":[51],"comparing":[53],"effects":[55],"against":[56],"a":[57,75,112,166],"relevant":[58],"base-rate,":[59],"i.e.,":[60],"no":[62],"delivered.":[65],"The":[66],"effect":[67,168,212],"these":[69,177],"instructions":[70,125,143,182,215],"was":[71,83,109,136,147,159,220,236],"assessed":[72],"in":[73,103,161,249,263],"both":[74],"trial-by-trial":[76],"contingency":[77],"learning":[78],"task,":[79],"where":[80,106],"cue":[81],"administration":[82],"either":[84],"decided":[85],"participant":[88],"(Experiments":[89],"1":[90],"&":[91],"2)":[92,156],"or":[93],"pre-determined":[94],"experimenter":[97],"(Experiment":[98,115],"3),":[99],"well":[101,201],"summary":[104,162],"format":[105],"all":[107],"information":[108,135,158,241],"presented":[110,137,160],"on":[111,144,172,183,216],"single":[113],"screen":[114],"4).":[116],"Overall,":[117],"found":[119,165],"two":[120],"means":[121],"which":[123],"base-rate":[124,142,170,214],"influence":[126],"ratings":[128],"for":[129],"treatment:":[132],"1)":[133],"When":[134,157],"sequentially,":[138],"benefit":[140],"illusory":[145,218,226],"belief":[146],"mediated":[148],"reduced":[150],"sampling":[151],"cue-present":[153,208],"trials,":[154],"format,":[163],"direct":[167],"instruction":[171,262],"reducing":[173],"causal":[174,198,227,244],"illusion.":[175],"Together,":[176],"findings":[178],"suggest":[179],"that":[180],"simple":[181,239],"method":[186],"were":[187],"able":[188],"decrease":[190,203],"(over-)weighting":[192],"cue-outcome":[194],"coincidences":[195],"making":[197],"judgements,":[199],"their":[204],"tendency":[205],"over-sample":[207],"events.":[209],"However,":[210],"correcting":[217],"beliefs":[219],"incomplete,":[221],"participants":[223],"still":[224],"showed":[225],"judgements":[228,252],"probability":[231],"occurring":[235],"high.":[237],"Thus,":[238],"textual":[240],"assessing":[243],"relationships":[245],"partially":[247],"effective":[248],"influencing":[250],"people\u2019s":[251],"efficacy,":[255],"suggesting":[256],"important":[258],"role":[259],"debiasing":[264],"cognitive":[265],"errors.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2024-05-18T00:00:00"}