{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396977720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","title":"Predicting malaria outbreak in The Gambia using machine learning techniques","display_name":"Predicting malaria outbreak in The Gambia using machine learning techniques","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396977720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38753678","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11098333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102666231","display_name":"Ousman Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8456-1229","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8456-1229"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ousman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, College of Computing and Mathematics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, College of Computing and Mathematics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023156430","display_name":"Jimoh Olawale Ajadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8445-8155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8445-8155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jimoh Olawale Ajadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, College of Computing and Mathematics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8445-8155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, College of Computing and Mathematics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Research Center for Refining & Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058538381","display_name":"M. Pear Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5247-4820","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5247-4820"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155976","display_name":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health","ror":"https://ror.org/02mbz1h25","country_code":"HK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Pear Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5247-4820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155976"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023156430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"fwci":14.8358,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99525224,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5","first_page":"e0299386","last_page":"e0299386"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10091","display_name":"Malaria Research and Control","score":0.9580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10166","display_name":"Mosquito-borne diseases and control","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gambia","display_name":"Gambia","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorological-observations","display_name":"meteorological observations","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatic-factors","display_name":"climatic factors","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-gradient-boosting","display_name":"extreme gradient boosting","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"decision tree","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network","display_name":"artificial neural networks","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"logistic regression","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-climatic-factors","display_name":"non-climatic factors","score":0.7289999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7184804081916809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7070725560188293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778048844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12156","display_name":"Malaria","level":2,"score":0.6901552081108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.674364447593689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6151072382926941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6009039878845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.569797694683075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.561408281326294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5095911026000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.47773998975753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.46458011865615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.44541433453559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14530476927757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005714","descriptor_name":"Gambia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008288","descriptor_name":"Malaria","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11098333","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11098333","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11098333/pdf/pone.0299386.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38753678","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38753678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pone00:0299386","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35d691bf4d7441e59aba09d656ccb67d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35d691bf4d7441e59aba09d656ccb67d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 19, Iss 5, p e0299386 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322323","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537316108","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1755904813","https://openalex.org/W1831050183","https://openalex.org/W1973843193","https://openalex.org/W2018956978","https://openalex.org/W2073299367","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2164998467","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2487770199","https://openalex.org/W2757693720","https://openalex.org/W2806419994","https://openalex.org/W2897762870","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2940689983","https://openalex.org/W2945020349","https://openalex.org/W2946899562","https://openalex.org/W2964175997","https://openalex.org/W3046387576","https://openalex.org/W3080712139","https://openalex.org/W3107404799","https://openalex.org/W3108711694","https://openalex.org/W3120155159","https://openalex.org/W3135843710","https://openalex.org/W3139298225","https://openalex.org/W3160829681","https://openalex.org/W3170693528","https://openalex.org/W3200416323","https://openalex.org/W4281630308","https://openalex.org/W4281734395","https://openalex.org/W4286456736","https://openalex.org/W4296713596","https://openalex.org/W4312084256","https://openalex.org/W4383346745","https://openalex.org/W6780067082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414106396","https://openalex.org/W4415654519","https://openalex.org/W4392409653","https://openalex.org/W7140185630","https://openalex.org/W4411708268","https://openalex.org/W3120155159","https://openalex.org/W2946899562","https://openalex.org/W4415735203","https://openalex.org/W4413565487","https://openalex.org/W4213364174"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Malaria":[0,12],"is":[1],"the":[2,9,20,29,35,70,110,131,136,152,175],"most":[3],"common":[4],"cause":[5],"of":[6,26,34,55,72,167,177],"death":[7],"among":[8],"parasitic":[10],"diseases.":[11],"continues":[13],"to":[14,19,40,116,184],"pose":[15],"a":[16,46,157,164,186],"growing":[17],"threat":[18],"public":[21],"health":[22],"and":[23,31,68,91,99,127,169,180],"economic":[24],"growth":[25],"nations":[27],"in":[28,52,171,189,194],"tropical":[30],"subtropical":[32],"parts":[33],"world.":[36],"This":[37],"study":[38],"aims":[39],"address":[41],"this":[42,64],"challenge":[43],"by":[44,144],"developing":[45],"predictive":[47],"model":[48],"for":[49],"malaria":[50,192],"outbreaks":[51,193],"each":[53],"district":[54],"The":[56,102,195],"Gambia,":[57],"leveraging":[58],"historical":[59],"meteorological":[60],"data.":[61],"To":[62],"achieve":[63],"objective,":[65],"we":[66],"employ":[67],"compare":[69],"performance":[71],"eight":[73],"machine":[74,155],"learning":[75],"algorithms,":[76],"including":[77],"C5.0":[78],"decision":[79,128],"trees,":[80],"artificial":[81],"neural":[82],"networks,":[83],"k-nearest":[84],"neighbors,":[85],"support":[86,153],"vector":[87,154],"machines":[88],"with":[89,147,156],"linear":[90,158],"radial":[92],"kernels,":[93],"logistic":[94],"regression,":[95],"extreme":[96,124],"gradient":[97,125],"boosting,":[98],"random":[100,145],"forests.":[101],"models":[103],"are":[104],"evaluated":[105],"using":[106],"10-fold":[107],"cross-validation":[108],"during":[109],"training":[111],"phase,":[112],"repeated":[113],"five":[114],"times":[115],"ensure":[117],"robust":[118],"validation.":[119],"Our":[120],"findings":[121],"reveal":[122],"that":[123],"boosting":[126],"trees":[129],"exhibit":[130],"highest":[132],"prediction":[133,165],"accuracy":[134,166],"on":[135],"testing":[137],"set,":[138],"achieving":[139],"93.3%":[140],"accuracy,":[141],"followed":[142],"closely":[143],"forests":[146],"91.5%":[148],"accuracy.":[149],"In":[150],"contrast,":[151],"kernel":[159],"performs":[160],"less":[161],"favorably,":[162],"showing":[163],"84.8%":[168],"underperforming":[170],"specificity":[172],"analysis.":[173],"Notably,":[174],"integration":[176],"both":[178],"climatic":[179],"non-climatic":[181],"features":[182],"proves":[183],"be":[185],"crucial":[187],"factor":[188],"accurately":[190],"predicting":[191],"Gambia.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2024-05-17T00:00:00"}