{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396975686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","title":"Application of a hybrid algorithm of LSTM and Transformer based on random search optimization for improving rainfall-runoff simulation","display_name":"Application of a hybrid algorithm of LSTM and Transformer based on random search optimization for improving rainfall-runoff simulation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396975686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38755303","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11636842"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenzhong Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016855518","display_name":"Chengshuai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7073-5124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7073-5124"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chengshuai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China. liucs@gs.zzu.edu.cn","School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China. liucs@gs.zzu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102965513","display_name":"Caihong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-6352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1839-6352"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caihong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China. hucaihong@zzu.edu.cn","School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China. hucaihong@zzu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084179024","display_name":"Chaojie Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-3441","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-3441"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaojie Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087685427","display_name":"Runxi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2729-8657","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2729-8657"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runxi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780143","display_name":"Ming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3842-7337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3842-7337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yingying Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100787275","display_name":"Lu Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5565-7854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5565-7854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016855518","https://openalex.org/A5102965513"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"fwci":6.6399,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98420694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"11184","last_page":"11184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11119","display_name":"Urban Stormwater Management Solutions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-runoff-modeling","display_name":"rainfall-runoff modeling","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-forecasting","display_name":"flood forecasting","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-lstm-transformer-model","display_name":"LSTM-Transformer hybrid model","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-search-hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"random search hyperparameter optimization","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-flow-estimation","display_name":"peak flow estimation","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yellow-river-middle-reaches","display_name":"Yellow River middle reaches","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediction-stability","display_name":"prediction stability","score":0.3409999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5775912404060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5203225612640381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50477045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1444790","display_name":"Surface runoff","level":2,"score":0.4682674705982208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.44160526990890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4302810728549957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987595161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Optimization algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4302240312099457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4264851212501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35139256715774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.26204732060432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15837544202804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.13399681448936462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12196224927902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09326004981994629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06922265887260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11636842","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11636842","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11636842/pdf/41598_2024_Article_62127.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38755303","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38755303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5882d904fc5944a39f7d09019027fd30","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5882d904fc5944a39f7d09019027fd30","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62127-7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6618000268936157,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"score":0.5351999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2693914413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2243219","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4295393965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51979250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396975686.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396975686.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1132038451","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1949737605","https://openalex.org/W1972446933","https://openalex.org/W1993934953","https://openalex.org/W2040778437","https://openalex.org/W2049511300","https://openalex.org/W2056578013","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2105765357","https://openalex.org/W2113317191","https://openalex.org/W2120012334","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2177959459","https://openalex.org/W2285323052","https://openalex.org/W2403227346","https://openalex.org/W2441507532","https://openalex.org/W2572865312","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2794205202","https://openalex.org/W2796538079","https://openalex.org/W2797373644","https://openalex.org/W2800819102","https://openalex.org/W2890156170","https://openalex.org/W2898791292","https://openalex.org/W2900459298","https://openalex.org/W2907238701","https://openalex.org/W2928248204","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2954731415","https://openalex.org/W2964006806","https://openalex.org/W2978329087","https://openalex.org/W2983352457","https://openalex.org/W2985766090","https://openalex.org/W2987793235","https://openalex.org/W3003741609","https://openalex.org/W3046263488","https://openalex.org/W3092762910","https://openalex.org/W3103865021","https://openalex.org/W3111506688","https://openalex.org/W3115513507","https://openalex.org/W3163884553","https://openalex.org/W3177318507","https://openalex.org/W3178810976","https://openalex.org/W3182586941","https://openalex.org/W3206589882","https://openalex.org/W4210287559","https://openalex.org/W4210710680","https://openalex.org/W4220861227","https://openalex.org/W4221021712","https://openalex.org/W4221044734","https://openalex.org/W4224882613","https://openalex.org/W4224984053","https://openalex.org/W4283658303","https://openalex.org/W4289638372","https://openalex.org/W4295752660","https://openalex.org/W4323921147","https://openalex.org/W4362640448","https://openalex.org/W4365458577","https://openalex.org/W4367555917","https://openalex.org/W4377030148","https://openalex.org/W4385146139","https://openalex.org/W4387332415","https://openalex.org/W4387571552","https://openalex.org/W4387614479","https://openalex.org/W4387742504","https://openalex.org/W4390545322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400076714","https://openalex.org/W4210710680","https://openalex.org/W7213959988","https://openalex.org/W4399576098","https://openalex.org/W7154446525","https://openalex.org/W2898791292","https://openalex.org/W4387742504","https://openalex.org/W4392598377","https://openalex.org/W4403570283","https://openalex.org/W7214048236"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Flood":[1],"forecasting":[2,224],"using":[3,136],"traditional":[4],"physical":[5,13],"hydrology":[6],"models":[7,35,135],"requires":[8],"consideration":[9],"of":[10,19,24,94,175,228],"multiple":[11],"complex":[12],"processes":[14],"including":[15],"the":[16,21,58,68,81,86,91,95,137,165,197,211,218,226],"spatio-temporal":[17],"distribution":[18],"rainfall,":[20],"spatial":[22],"heterogeneity":[23],"watershed":[25,89],"sub-surface":[26],"characteristics,":[27],"and":[28,31,51,80,102,112,123,133,151,163,172,184,202,225],"runoff":[29,103],"generation":[30],"routing":[32],"behaviours.":[33],"Data-driven":[34],"offer":[36],"novel":[37],"solutions":[38],"to":[39,85,108],"these":[40],"challenges,":[41],"though":[42],"they":[43],"are":[44,115],"hindered":[45],"by":[46],"difficulties":[47],"in":[48,54,90,222],"hyperparameter":[49],"selection":[50],"a":[52,65,157],"decline":[53],"prediction":[55],"stability":[56],"as":[57,154,210],"lead":[59,159,212],"time":[60,160,213],"extends.":[61],"This":[62],"study":[63,216],"introduces":[64],"hybrid":[66],"model,":[67],"RS-LSTM-Transformer,":[69],"which":[70],"combines":[71],"Random":[72],"Search":[73],"(RS),":[74],"Long":[75],"Short-Term":[76],"Memory":[77],"networks":[78],"(LSTM),":[79],"Transformer":[82],"architecture.":[83],"Applied":[84],"typical":[87],"Jingle":[88],"middle":[92],"reaches":[93],"Yellow":[96],"River,":[97],"this":[98],"model":[99,167],"utilises":[100],"rainfall":[101],"data":[104],"from":[105,119],"basin":[106],"sites":[107],"simulate":[109],"flood":[110,223],"processes,":[111],"its":[113],"outcomes":[114],"compared":[116],"against":[117,129],"those":[118],"RS-LSTM,":[120,130],"RS-Transformer,":[121,131],"RS-BP,":[122,132],"RS-MLP":[124,134],"models.":[125],"It":[126],"was":[127],"evaluated":[128],"Nash\u2013Sutcliffe":[138],"Efficiency":[139],"Coefficient":[140],"(NSE),":[141],"Root":[142],"Mean":[143,147],"Square":[144],"Error":[145,149],"(RMSE),":[146],"Absolute":[148],"(MAE),":[150],"Bias":[152,173],"percentage":[153],"metrics.":[155],"At":[156],"1-h":[158],"during":[161],"calibration":[162],"validation,":[164],"RS-LSTM-Transformer":[166,219],"achieved":[168],"NSE,":[169],"RMSE,":[170],"MAE,":[171],"values":[174],"0.970,":[176],"14.001m":[177],"3":[178,181,187,190],"/s,":[179,182,188,191],"5.304m":[180],"0.501%":[183],"0.953,":[185],"14.124m":[186],"6.365m":[189],"0.523%,":[192],"respectively.":[193],"These":[194],"results":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"model's":[198,220],"superior":[199],"simulation":[200],"capabilities":[201],"robustness,":[203],"providing":[204],"more":[205],"accurate":[206],"peak":[207],"flow":[208],"forecasts":[209],"increases.":[214],"The":[215],"highlights":[217],"potential":[221],"advantages":[227],"integrating":[229],"various":[230],"data-driven":[231],"approaches":[232],"for":[233],"innovative":[234],"modelling.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2024-05-17T00:00:00"}