{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396909909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3396628","title":"Hierarchical Training of Deep Neural Networks Using Early Exiting","display_name":"Hierarchical Training of Deep Neural Networks Using Early Exiting","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396909909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3396628","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3396628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3396628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3396628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.02384","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067890335","display_name":"Yamin Sepehri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-0368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-0368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135218257","display_name":"Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nrrsx06","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yamin Sepehri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-0368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060929936","display_name":"Pedram Pad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-2800","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7764-2800"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135218257","display_name":"Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nrrsx06","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedram Pad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047647989","display_name":"Ahmet Caner Y\u00fcz\u00fcg\u00fcler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-9897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-9897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Caner Y\u00fcz\u00fcg\u00fcler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-9897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000947076","display_name":"Pascal Frossard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-714X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-714X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascal Frossard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4010-714X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS4), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"L. Andrea Dunbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3379-6170","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3379-6170"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135218257","display_name":"Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nrrsx06","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Andrea Dunbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3379-6170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), Neuchâtel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135218257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2495,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2495},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1098,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86991707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"6271","last_page":"6285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8320000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8320000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.09070000052452087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.031099999323487282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-training","display_name":"hierarchical training","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-exit","display_name":"early exit","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-edge-collaboration","display_name":"cloud-edge collaboration","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-deep-learning","display_name":"distributed deep learning","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-overhead-reduction","display_name":"communication cost reduction","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"privacy preservation","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-learning","display_name":"online learning","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-constrained-devices","display_name":"resource-constrained devices","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vgg16","display_name":"VGG16","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resnet-18","display_name":"ResNet-18","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7757527828216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7139440774917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6666907072067261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6042158007621765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5230975151062012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4700424075126648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4680207669734955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.419638454914093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36175045371055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26336750388145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11250996589660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2024.3396628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3396628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2024.3396628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38743536","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.02384","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02384","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.02384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:311611","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/208613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WoS","raw_type":"research article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2303.02384","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.02384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.02384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2303.02384","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02384","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.02384","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396909909.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396909909.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2242818861","https://openalex.org/W2469490737","https://openalex.org/W2515080096","https://openalex.org/W2518108298","https://openalex.org/W2551176409","https://openalex.org/W2785025328","https://openalex.org/W2949628230","https://openalex.org/W2962730651","https://openalex.org/W2962786581","https://openalex.org/W2962883027","https://openalex.org/W2994782216","https://openalex.org/W3003985103","https://openalex.org/W3018763859","https://openalex.org/W3024862772","https://openalex.org/W3032900566","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3170437634","https://openalex.org/W3203864086","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4255263234","https://openalex.org/W4283712390","https://openalex.org/W6756633688","https://openalex.org/W6771680064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3024862772","https://openalex.org/W4414166115","https://openalex.org/W2987382759","https://openalex.org/W1975739466","https://openalex.org/W3124305495","https://openalex.org/W4396988537","https://openalex.org/W3201779876","https://openalex.org/W4367318869","https://openalex.org/W2773838446","https://openalex.org/W4393186053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1,93,178],"networks":[2,94],"(DNNs)":[3],"provide":[4],"state-of-the-art":[5],"accuracy":[6,243],"for":[7,15,50,84,176,198,251],"vision":[8],"tasks,":[9],"but":[10],"they":[11,18,131],"require":[12,165],"significant":[13],"resources":[14],"training.":[16],"Thus,":[17],"are":[19],"trained":[20],"on":[21,257],"cloud":[22,65,100,149,225],"servers":[23],"far":[24],"from":[25],"the":[26,31,69,89,96,99,102,107,116,120,125,135,155,160,168,182,191,195,221,224,237,242],"edge":[27,63,97,147],"devices":[28,260],"that":[29,54,190],"acquire":[30],"data.":[32,285],"This":[33,234,247],"issue":[34],"increases":[35],"communication":[36,70,166,222],"cost,":[37,71],"runtime,":[38,73],"and":[39,64,74,98,148,162,173,200,205,210,213,282],"privacy":[40,75],"concerns.":[41,76],"In":[42,140],"this":[43,185],"study,":[44],"a":[45,59,80,229,268],"novel":[46],"hierarchical":[47],"training":[48,72,103,121,196],"method":[49,78,143,193,248],"DNNs":[51,256],"is":[52,188,226,239,245,249],"proposed":[53,192],"uses":[55],"early":[56,85],"exits":[57,86],"in":[58,207,215,236,278],"divided":[60],"architecture":[61],"between":[62,95],"workers":[66,150],"to":[67,87,115],"reduce":[68],"The":[77],"proposes":[79],"brand-new":[81],"use":[82,145],"case":[83],"separate":[88],"backward":[90,169],"pass":[91],"of":[92,109,119,127,137,184,254,270,284],"during":[101,167],"phase.":[104],"We":[105],"address":[106],"issues":[108],"most":[110],"available":[111],"methods":[112],"that,":[113],"due":[114],"sequential":[117],"nature":[118],"phase,":[122],"cannot":[123],"train":[124],"levels":[126],"hierarchy":[128],"simultaneously":[129],"or":[130,265],"do":[132],"it":[133],"with":[134,159,223],"cost":[136],"compromising":[138],"privacy.":[139],"contrast,":[141],"our":[142],"can":[144],"both":[146],"simultaneously,":[151],"does":[152,163],"not":[153,164],"share":[154],"raw":[156],"input":[157],"data":[158],"cloud,":[161],"pass.":[170],"Several":[171],"simulations":[172],"on-device":[174],"experiments":[175],"different":[177],"network":[179],"architectures":[180,202],"demonstrate":[181],"effectiveness":[183],"method.":[186],"It":[187],"shown":[189],"reduces":[194],"runtime":[197,238],"VGG-16":[199],"ResNet-18":[201],"by":[203,211],"29%":[204],"61%":[206],"CIFAR-10":[208],"classification":[209],"25%":[212],"81%":[214],"Tiny":[216],"ImageNet":[217],"classification,":[218],"respectively,":[219],"when":[220],"done":[227],"over":[228],"low":[230],"bit":[231],"rate":[232],"channel.":[233],"gain":[235],"achieved,":[240],"while":[241],"drop":[244],"negligible.":[246],"advantageous":[250],"online":[252],"learning":[253],"high-accuracy":[255],"sensor-holding":[258],"low-resource":[259],"such":[261],"as":[262,267],"mobile":[263],"phones":[264],"robots":[266],"part":[269],"an":[271],"edge-cloud":[272],"system,":[273],"making":[274],"them":[275],"more":[276],"flexible":[277],"facing":[279],"new":[280],"tasks":[281],"classes":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-05-15T00:00:00"}