{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396853316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520637","title":"Multi-Beam Analysis of Satellite Swarm-Based Antenna Arrays for 6G Direct-to-Cell Connectivity","display_name":"Multi-Beam Analysis of Satellite Swarm-Based Antenna Arrays for 6G Direct-to-Cell Connectivity","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396853316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407087054","display_name":"IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073942226","display_name":"Diego Tuzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-9473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-9473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diego Tuzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Bundeswehr Munich,Institute of Information Technology,Neubiberg,Germany,85579"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Bundeswehr Munich,Institute of Information Technology,Neubiberg,Germany,85579","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088841799","display_name":"Thomas Delamotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-3033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-3033"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Delamotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Bundeswehr Munich,Institute of Information Technology,Neubiberg,Germany,85579"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Bundeswehr Munich,Institute of Information Technology,Neubiberg,Germany,85579","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086812430","display_name":"Maik R\u00f6per","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1608-6406","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1608-6406"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maik R\u00f6per","raw_affiliation_strings":["c/o University of Bremen,Gauss-Olbers Center,Dept. of Communications Engineering,Bremen,Germany,28359"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c/o University of Bremen,Gauss-Olbers Center,Dept. of Communications Engineering,Bremen,Germany,28359","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016365977","display_name":"Alea Schr\u00f6der","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0547-7938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0547-7938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alea Schr\u00f6der","raw_affiliation_strings":["c/o University of Bremen,Gauss-Olbers Center,Dept. of Communications Engineering,Bremen,Germany,28359"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c/o University of Bremen,Gauss-Olbers Center,Dept. of Communications Engineering,Bremen,Germany,28359","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058121440","display_name":"Bho Matthiesen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-3938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4582-3938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bho Matthiesen","raw_affiliation_strings":["c/o University of Bremen,Gauss-Olbers Center,Dept. of Communications Engineering,Bremen,Germany,28359"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"c/o University of Bremen,Gauss-Olbers Center,Dept. of Communications Engineering,Bremen,Germany,28359","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028324928","display_name":"Andreas Knopp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7798-0535","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7798-0535"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Knopp","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of the Bundeswehr Munich,Institute of Information Technology,Neubiberg,Germany,85579"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Bundeswehr Munich,Institute of Information Technology,Neubiberg,Germany,85579","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95395208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-swarms","display_name":"satellite swarms","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-antenna-arrays","display_name":"distributed antenna arrays","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/6g-networks","display_name":"6G","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-terrestrial-networks","display_name":"non-terrestrial networks","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-satellites","display_name":"small satellites","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grating-lobes","display_name":"grating lobes","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iot-devices","display_name":"IoT devices","score":0.5519999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7754995822906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.7496854066848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.713160514831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6291184425354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5189699530601501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.4527665376663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4511205852031708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42849379777908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32078224420547485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.17915132641792297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17736515402793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520637","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/fnwf58287.2023.10520637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407087054","display_name":"IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Future Networks World Forum (FNWF)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7236015288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4000130962/20/NL/NL/FE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","funder_display_name":"European Space Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1502828641","https://openalex.org/W1969497960","https://openalex.org/W1974598214","https://openalex.org/W2049124141","https://openalex.org/W2079032970","https://openalex.org/W2101727634","https://openalex.org/W2321158942","https://openalex.org/W2793010390","https://openalex.org/W3043796598","https://openalex.org/W3130284078","https://openalex.org/W4280626288","https://openalex.org/W4306147985","https://openalex.org/W4312208997","https://openalex.org/W4312971400","https://openalex.org/W4313546921","https://openalex.org/W4321021446","https://openalex.org/W4323519588","https://openalex.org/W4324290569"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4395663485","https://openalex.org/W4389609926","https://openalex.org/W4403182638","https://openalex.org/W7206214788","https://openalex.org/W7106646461","https://openalex.org/W4324290569","https://openalex.org/W7116734994","https://openalex.org/W7047246577","https://openalex.org/W4321021446","https://openalex.org/W7112736161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-terrestrial":[0],"networks":[1,16],"(NTNs),":[2],"particularly":[3],"satel-lite":[4],"networks,":[5],"are":[6,87],"key":[7,194],"factors":[8],"for":[9,216],"ubiquitous":[10],"connectivity":[11,34,39,219],"in":[12,157],"today's":[13],"5G":[14],"terrestrial":[15,44],"(TNs)":[17],"and":[18,94,114,130,165],"future":[19],"6G":[20],"networks.":[21],"They":[22,86],"can":[23],"bring":[24],"great":[25,29],"benefits,":[26],"but":[27,198],"also":[28],"challenges.":[30],"The":[31,106],"direct-to-cell":[32],"(D2C)":[33],"use":[35,107,220],"case,":[36],"i.e.,":[37],"direct":[38],"from":[40],"satellites":[41,110],"to":[42],"common":[43],"low-gain":[45],"user":[46,163,172],"terminals":[47],"(UTs),":[48],"such":[49,127],"as":[50,128,212],"handheld":[51],"or":[52,80,91],"IoT":[53],"devices,":[54],"is":[55],"currently":[56],"gaining":[57],"strong":[58],"interest.":[59],"This":[60,133],"paper":[61,134],"focuses":[62],"on":[63,179,205],"innovative":[64],"distributed":[65,119,141,176],"implementations":[66,152,177],"of":[67,73,83,108,121,139,159,170,183,192],"the":[68,118,122,136,144,202,217],"space":[69],"segment":[70],"using":[71],"swarms":[72],"multiple":[74],"small":[75,109],"platforms,":[76],"each":[77],"embedding":[78],"one":[79],"a":[81,147,154,213],"subset":[82],"radiating":[84,98],"elements.":[85],"organized":[88],"with":[89,146],"regular":[90,206],"irregular":[92,180],"geometries":[93,181],"greater":[95,199],"distance":[96],"between":[97],"elements,":[99],"creating":[100],"large":[101],"virtual":[102],"antenna":[103,209],"array":[104],"apertures.":[105],"promises":[111],"reduced":[112],"production":[113],"launch":[115],"costs,":[116],"while":[117],"nature":[120],"system":[123],"provides":[124],"attractive":[125],"features,":[126],"scalability":[129],"fault":[131],"tolerance.":[132],"analyzes":[135],"multi-beam":[137],"performance":[138,156,191,195],"two":[140],"implementations,":[142],"comparing":[143],"results":[145],"single":[148],"platform":[149],"implementation.":[150],"Distributed":[151],"present":[153],"better":[155],"terms":[158],"average":[160,190],"summed":[161],"throughput,":[162,164],"throughput":[166,173],"density.":[167],"An":[168],"analysis":[169],"worst-case":[171],"reveals":[174],"that":[175],"based":[178,204],"capable":[182],"mitigating":[184],"grating":[185],"lobes":[186],"provide":[187],"slightly":[188],"lower":[189],"measured":[193],"indicators":[196],"(KPIs),":[197],"fairness":[200],"than":[201],"implementation":[203],"geometries.":[207],"Swarm-based":[208],"arrays":[210],"appear":[211],"promising":[214],"solution":[215],"D2C":[218],"case.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-05-14T00:00:00"}