{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396671246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768","title":"Democracy for Sale: Examining the Phenomenon of the Cost of Expression of Interest and Nomination Forms for Major Parties in Nigeria\u2019s 2023 General Election","display_name":"Democracy for Sale: Examining the Phenomenon of the Cost of Expression of Interest and Nomination Forms for Major Parties in Nigeria\u2019s 2023 General Election","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396671246","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/21582440241251768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148277943","display_name":"SAGE Open","issn_l":"2158-2440","issn":["2158-2440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sage Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087938661","display_name":"Usman Sambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4529-3850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4529-3850"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130046622","display_name":"Yobe State University","ror":"https://ror.org/005ywxj74","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130046622"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Sambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Administration, Yobe State University Damaturu, Damaturu, Yobe, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Administration, Yobe State University Damaturu, Damaturu, Yobe, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130046622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041183889","display_name":"Babayo Sule","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3879-4884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3879-4884"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148832","display_name":"Federal University Kashere","ror":"https://ror.org/0470nf974","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148832"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Babayo Sule","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3879-4884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109789370","display_name":"Umar Adamu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876237426","display_name":"Gombe State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04fbh1w34","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876237426"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umar Adamu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Administration, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Administration, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876237426"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034864590","display_name":"Muhammad Andi Septiadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8058-3928","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8058-3928"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107902","display_name":"Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33fx63","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107902"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Andi Septiadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, Universiti Sunang Gunung Jati Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, Universiti Sunang Gunung Jati Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107902"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041183889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148832"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":8.0237,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96927079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.7544000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.7544000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13162","display_name":"African Studies and Ethnography","score":0.14499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10777","display_name":"Politics and Society in Latin America","score":0.03280000016093254,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/election-costs","display_name":"election costs","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/party-primaries","display_name":"party primaries","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clientelism","display_name":"clientelism","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-in-politics","display_name":"money in politics","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-progressives-congress","display_name":"All Progressives Congress","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-s-democratic-party","display_name":"People's Democratic Party","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2023-nigerian-general-election","display_name":"2023 Nigerian general election","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-integrity","display_name":"electoral integrity","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"transparency","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.4020000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775925287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156895","display_name":"Nomination","level":2,"score":0.95847487449646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.6877334117889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781035477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543464","display_name":"Clientelism","level":4,"score":0.6655179858207703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5985913276672363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59742305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076105","display_name":"General election","level":3,"score":0.48975181579589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.46374544501304626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.43482547998428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.427407443523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.41633516550064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.34209853410720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3417189419269562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.283677339553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/21582440241251768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148277943","display_name":"SAGE Open","issn_l":"2158-2440","issn":["2158-2440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sage Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:sagope:v:14:y:2024:i:2:p:21582440241251768","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/21582440241251768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c3270fef32814c4d971d60077e1db726","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c3270fef32814c4d971d60077e1db726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SAGE Open, Vol 14 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/21582440241251768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241251768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148277943","display_name":"SAGE Open","issn_l":"2158-2440","issn":["2158-2440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sage Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182356788","https://openalex.org/W402055237","https://openalex.org/W563044781","https://openalex.org/W1590065806","https://openalex.org/W2028507267","https://openalex.org/W2137160885","https://openalex.org/W2153646932","https://openalex.org/W2322426163","https://openalex.org/W2324070777","https://openalex.org/W2414496926","https://openalex.org/W2496618910","https://openalex.org/W2501567063","https://openalex.org/W2502607889","https://openalex.org/W2506964279","https://openalex.org/W2586537344","https://openalex.org/W2611685341","https://openalex.org/W2754244886","https://openalex.org/W2762133784","https://openalex.org/W2789029148","https://openalex.org/W2797158259","https://openalex.org/W2801270275","https://openalex.org/W2904530967","https://openalex.org/W2922472377","https://openalex.org/W2925515791","https://openalex.org/W2944840324","https://openalex.org/W2967862667","https://openalex.org/W3004669615","https://openalex.org/W3035319702","https://openalex.org/W3046962906","https://openalex.org/W3106579175","https://openalex.org/W3132805923","https://openalex.org/W3196446224","https://openalex.org/W4200038613","https://openalex.org/W4200148235","https://openalex.org/W4211257150","https://openalex.org/W4212771860","https://openalex.org/W4224277883","https://openalex.org/W4232983429","https://openalex.org/W4235256948","https://openalex.org/W4236724942","https://openalex.org/W4241186015","https://openalex.org/W4247194897","https://openalex.org/W4247290828","https://openalex.org/W4248467138","https://openalex.org/W4252591407","https://openalex.org/W4255410132","https://openalex.org/W4293524904","https://openalex.org/W4390895638"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4402800759","https://openalex.org/W4384209282","https://openalex.org/W4413433931","https://openalex.org/W4293524904","https://openalex.org/W7215309193","https://openalex.org/W7223054607","https://openalex.org/W4413296642","https://openalex.org/W6930750301","https://openalex.org/W4383031510","https://openalex.org/W4293119324"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Elections":[0],"in":[1,73,157,172,187],"Nigeria":[2],"are":[3,205],"increasingly":[4],"turning":[5],"democratic":[6],"practice":[7],"into":[8,53,108],"a":[9,54,127],"bazaar":[10],"for":[11,16],"the":[12,17,22,57,62,65,74,79,92,115,143,158,164,168,198],"highest":[13,58],"bidder.":[14],"Preparations":[15],"2023":[18],"General":[19],"Election,":[20],"especially":[21],"purchase":[23],"of":[24,26,42,56,64,68,94,102,145,161],"statements":[25],"interest":[27],"and":[28,70,78,100,138,150,178,184,202],"nomination":[29,69,146,183],"forms,":[30],"as":[31,33,97,126],"well":[32],"party":[34,71,185],"primaries,":[35],"threaten":[36],"to":[37,129,147,179,182,194],"squeeze":[38],"non-super-rich":[39],"candidates":[40],"out":[41],"participation.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45,84,134],"examines":[46],"how":[47],"Nigerian":[48],"democracy":[49],"is":[50,124,155,175],"being":[51,176],"manipulated":[52],"business":[55],"bidder":[59],"by":[60],"examining":[61],"costs":[63],"entire":[66],"process":[67,169],"primaries":[72,166,186],"All":[75],"Progressives":[76],"Congress":[77],"Peoples":[80],"Democratic":[81],"Party.":[82],"The":[83,104,111,133,153],"draws":[85],"on":[86,91],"face-to-face":[87],"in-depth":[88],"interviews":[89,116],"selected":[90],"basis":[93],"criteria":[95],"such":[96],"accessibility,":[98],"relevance,":[99],"quality":[101],"information.":[103],"informants":[105],"were":[106,117],"classified":[107],"different":[109],"categories.":[110],"data":[112],"obtained":[113],"from":[114],"analyzed":[118],"using":[119],"thematic":[120],"content":[121],"analysis.":[122],"Clientelism":[123],"adopted":[125],"framework":[128],"explain":[130],"this":[131],"phenomenon.":[132],"found":[135],"that":[136,190],"APC":[137],"PDP":[139],"deliberately":[140],"drive":[141],"up":[142],"cost":[144],"displace":[148],"poor":[149],"non-rich":[151],"competitors.":[152],"impact":[154],"evident":[156],"reckless":[159],"use":[160],"money":[162],"during":[163],"parties\u2019":[165],"where":[167],"was":[170],"conducted":[171],"dollars.":[173],"Transparency":[174],"circumvented":[177],"restore":[180],"integrity":[181],"Nigeria,":[188],"reforms":[189],"go":[191],"beyond":[192],"politics":[193],"include":[195],"civil":[196],"society,":[197],"electorate,":[199],"international":[200],"partners,":[201],"other":[203],"stakeholders":[204],"needed.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2024-05-07T00:00:00"}