{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396597635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","title":"Feasibility and greenhouse gas emissions of timber structures in solar photovoltaic carport construction","display_name":"Feasibility and greenhouse gas emissions of timber structures in solar photovoltaic carport construction","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396597635","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597036347","display_name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","issn_l":"2297-3362","issn":["2297-3362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4396597635"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090171209","display_name":"Samuli Ranta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-7571","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8976-7571"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16231767","display_name":"Turku University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04s0yt949","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16231767"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuli Ranta","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Energy Research Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Energy Research Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16231767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008621376","display_name":"Elena S. Akulenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1842-6459","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1842-6459"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Akulenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003161421","display_name":"Hugo Huerta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6387-3448","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6387-3448"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16231767","display_name":"Turku University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04s0yt949","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16231767"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugo Huerta","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Energy Research Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Energy Research Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16231767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101852670","display_name":"Shuo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-549X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-549X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16231767","display_name":"Turku University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04s0yt949","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16231767"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Energy Research Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Energy Research Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16231767"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022687290","display_name":"Sami Jouttij\u00e4rvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-0174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9076-0174"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Jouttij\u00e4rvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014203442","display_name":"Kati Miettunen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6564-6262","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6564-6262"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kati Miettunen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090171209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16231767"],"apc_list":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"apc_paid":{"value":2125,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2125},"fwci":0.3327,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39954479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12838","display_name":"Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12838","display_name":"Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.009999999776482582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timber-structures","display_name":"timber structures","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glued-laminated-timber","display_name":"glued laminated timber","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steel-structures","display_name":"steel structures","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-storage","display_name":"carbon storage","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-feasibility","display_name":"economic feasibility","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-assessment","display_name":"life cycle assessment","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-comparison","display_name":"cost comparison","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.8735042810440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.817125678062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.8108057975769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5308493375778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180","display_name":"Roof","level":2,"score":0.49090152978897095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.4828258454799652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4083670973777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.34815025329589844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.29959946870803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07146710157394409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597036347","display_name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","issn_l":"2297-3362","issn":["2297-3362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:utupub.fi:11111/56621","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/handle/11111/56621","pdf_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/bitstreams/708fd4d2-5467-4899-8fe6-a9c059cb0d3c/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402470","display_name":"UTUPub (University of Turku)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","host_organization_name":"University of Turku","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.utupub.fi/handle/10024/193896","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.utupub.fi:10024/193896","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/handle/10024/193896","pdf_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/10024/193896/1/fbuil-10-1379956.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402470","display_name":"UTUPub (University of Turku)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","host_organization_name":"University of Turku","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d20673befaab445fb8d86d3483e9eedb","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d20673befaab445fb8d86d3483e9eedb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Built Environment, Vol 10 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2024.1379956/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597036347","display_name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","issn_l":"2297-3362","issn":["2297-3362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Built Environment","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8787999749183655},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.807699978351593}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1833862512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"957751","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5785516526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"358542","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335354","funder_display_name":"Strategic Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6040908935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"359141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335354","funder_display_name":"Strategic Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7483676244","display_name":"integRatEd Solutions for POsitive eNergy and reSilient CitiEs","funder_award_id":"957751","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8524138762","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"358542 359141 347275","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335354","display_name":"Strategic Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02vtq1a86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396597635.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396597635.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063056805","https://openalex.org/W2086409693","https://openalex.org/W2889814654","https://openalex.org/W2913051655","https://openalex.org/W3033894516","https://openalex.org/W3085609406","https://openalex.org/W3121169921","https://openalex.org/W3194648273","https://openalex.org/W4206782878","https://openalex.org/W4283369601","https://openalex.org/W4313508373","https://openalex.org/W4380450723","https://openalex.org/W4388595806","https://openalex.org/W6947929746","https://openalex.org/W6966611101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7166696696","https://openalex.org/W3203947894","https://openalex.org/W7044273495","https://openalex.org/W7155415633","https://openalex.org/W2340882925","https://openalex.org/W4416744190","https://openalex.org/W4399370680","https://openalex.org/W4410491749","https://openalex.org/W2566858978","https://openalex.org/W7168447043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,120],"contribution":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,78],"reducing":[4],"the":[5,39,48,79,90,94,135],"greenhouse":[6],"gas":[7],"(GHG)":[8],"emissions":[9,92,137,153],"of":[10,41,50,93,100,154,191],"solar":[11],"photovoltaic":[12],"(PV)":[13],"carport":[14],"structures":[15,102,128,132,148,186,199],"by":[16,133],"replacing":[17],"carbon-intensive":[18],"steel":[19,131,182],"with":[20,62,129,146,181],"a":[21,26,66,174,201],"wood-based":[22,123],"material.":[23],"There":[24],"is":[25,113],"growing":[27],"need":[28],"for":[29,35,103],"PV":[30,52,56,104,209],"systems":[31,105,180],"that":[32],"are":[33],"suitable":[34],"urban":[36],"environments":[37],"where":[38],"lack":[40],"roof":[42],"spaces":[43],"and":[44,70,87,98,111,138,163],"open":[45],"land":[46],"limits":[47],"use":[49],"traditional":[51],"installations.":[53],"To":[54],"date,":[55],"carports":[57],"have":[58,106],"been":[59],"mainly":[60],"constructed":[61],"steel,":[63],"which":[64],"has":[65],"high":[67],"carbon":[68,85],"footprint":[69],"can":[71],"be":[72],"considered":[73],"aesthetically":[74],"unattractive.":[75],"Wood":[76],"structures,":[77],"other":[80],"hand,":[81],"could":[82],"act":[83],"as":[84],"storage":[86],"thus":[88],"reduce":[89],"GHG":[91,136,152],"whole":[95],"system.":[96],"Emissions":[97],"costs":[99],"supporting":[101],"received":[107],"very":[108,202],"little":[109],"attention,":[110],"there":[112],"virtually":[114],"no":[115],"literature":[116],"specific":[117],"to":[118,179,205],"them.":[119],"study":[121],"compares":[122],"glued":[124],"laminated":[125],"timber":[126],"(GLT)":[127],"conventional":[130],"investigating":[134],"economic":[139],"feasibility.":[140],"The":[141],"simulated":[142],"485":[143],"kWp":[144],"system":[145],"wooden":[147,185,198],"yielded":[149],"base-case":[150],"lifetime":[151],"11.3":[155],"g":[156,165],"CO2":[157,166],"eq/kWh":[158,167],"in":[159,168,189],"Turku":[160],"Finland":[161],"(60\u00b0N),":[162],"8.2":[164],"Dijon":[169],"France":[170],"(47\u00b0":[171],"N),":[172],"representing":[173],"48%":[175],"lower":[176],"value":[177],"compared":[178],"structures.":[183],"Furthermore,":[184],"were":[187],"competitive":[188],"terms":[190],"costs,":[192],"being":[193],"approximately":[194],"25%":[195],"cheaper.":[196],"Thus,":[197],"provide":[200],"attractive":[203],"way":[204],"make":[206],"infrastructure":[207],"integrated":[208],"more":[210],"sustainable.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-05-03T00:00:00"}
