{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396571079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","title":"Beyond learning with cold machine: interpersonal communication skills as anthropomorphic cue of AI instructor","display_name":"Beyond learning with cold machine: interpersonal communication skills as anthropomorphic cue of AI instructor","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396571079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201537","display_name":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education","issn_l":"2365-9440","issn":["2365-9440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","fecyt-seal","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101790342","display_name":"Shunan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3875-1849","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3875-1849"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101214272","display_name":"Xiangying Zhao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangying Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073229124","display_name":"Dongyan Nan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-0857","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7811-0857"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongyan Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062492638","display_name":"Jang Hyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7750-2664","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7750-2664"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jang Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Interaction Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062492638"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.8559,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99252188,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.5551999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.5551999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.3091000020503998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.0625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropomorphism","display_name":"anthropomorphism","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-disclosure","display_name":"self-disclosure","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-attachment","display_name":"emotional attachment","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-communication-skills","display_name":"interpersonal communication skills","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-penetration-theory","display_name":"social penetration theory","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computers-are-social-actors","display_name":"Computers Are Social Actors","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-interest","display_name":"student learning interest","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-improvement","display_name":"knowledge improvement","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6665463447570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164850336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3685487","display_name":"Interpersonal communication","level":2,"score":0.6346496939659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4292929172515869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.42090222239494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86772948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413287","display_name":"Social skills","level":2,"score":0.41394510865211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3205290138721466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.15164941549301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201537","display_name":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education","issn_l":"2365-9440","issn":["2365-9440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","fecyt-seal","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6766e8d3c8154e3985e7aa614b8d3634","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6766e8d3c8154e3985e7aa614b8d3634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s41239-024-00465-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201537","display_name":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education","issn_l":"2365-9440","issn":["2365-9440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ddh","doaj","erih-plus","fecyt-seal","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8666556278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00208278","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396571079.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396571079.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543149738","https://openalex.org/W1601933786","https://openalex.org/W1633346712","https://openalex.org/W1715619412","https://openalex.org/W1966135462","https://openalex.org/W1991015565","https://openalex.org/W2005988972","https://openalex.org/W2013443384","https://openalex.org/W2014197946","https://openalex.org/W2022154998","https://openalex.org/W2023463607","https://openalex.org/W2033924271","https://openalex.org/W2035546865","https://openalex.org/W2040666237","https://openalex.org/W2042003395","https://openalex.org/W2042294926","https://openalex.org/W2055729032","https://openalex.org/W2058939132","https://openalex.org/W2069753881","https://openalex.org/W2091297564","https://openalex.org/W2114325054","https://openalex.org/W2119406757","https://openalex.org/W2119497929","https://openalex.org/W2125275681","https://openalex.org/W2127087002","https://openalex.org/W2136937406","https://openalex.org/W2142608681","https://openalex.org/W2151215842","https://openalex.org/W2167147011","https://openalex.org/W2327678559","https://openalex.org/W2343945786","https://openalex.org/W2469993354","https://openalex.org/W2592877795","https://openalex.org/W2624203283","https://openalex.org/W2794552013","https://openalex.org/W2799316813","https://openalex.org/W2810246495","https://openalex.org/W2887919024","https://openalex.org/W2897690397","https://openalex.org/W2904976895","https://openalex.org/W2914188784","https://openalex.org/W2942103387","https://openalex.org/W3024065557","https://openalex.org/W3029922759","https://openalex.org/W3048626054","https://openalex.org/W3114284325","https://openalex.org/W3119676664","https://openalex.org/W3135627999","https://openalex.org/W3162271228","https://openalex.org/W3163286462","https://openalex.org/W3197139780","https://openalex.org/W4206230099","https://openalex.org/W4212928542","https://openalex.org/W4223893687","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4254959765","https://openalex.org/W4283396784","https://openalex.org/W4283724181","https://openalex.org/W4283733139","https://openalex.org/W4292756182","https://openalex.org/W4297983522","https://openalex.org/W4304118954","https://openalex.org/W4312179235","https://openalex.org/W4313480123","https://openalex.org/W4313814017","https://openalex.org/W4318466204","https://openalex.org/W4321499810","https://openalex.org/W4324064310","https://openalex.org/W4385496909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162271228","https://openalex.org/W7126384656","https://openalex.org/W4399488834","https://openalex.org/W4410173673","https://openalex.org/W4320487835","https://openalex.org/W4283724181","https://openalex.org/W7172262431","https://openalex.org/W3212054086","https://openalex.org/W7131867264","https://openalex.org/W7151617022"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Prior":[1],"research":[2],"has":[3],"explored":[4],"the":[5,12,20,38,42,50,72,80,102,178,217,237,240,252],"impact":[6,40],"of":[7,14,22,41,44,74,83,180,186,232,239,243,255],"diverse":[8],"anthropomorphic":[9,29,241],"interventions":[10],"on":[11],"effectiveness":[13],"AI":[15,33,77,87,114,144,165,191,215,223,244,256],"(artificial":[16],"intelligence)":[17],"instructors.":[18,117],"However,":[19],"exploration":[21],"interpersonal":[23],"communication":[24],"skills":[25],"(e.g.,":[26],"self-disclosure)":[27],"as":[28],"conversational":[30],"cues":[31,242],"for":[32,251],"instructors":[34,46,78,145,226,245,257],"is":[35],"rare.":[36],"Considering":[37],"positive":[39],"self-disclosure":[43,75,89,142,167],"human":[45,116,124,140,193,225],"and":[47,58,79,90,96,110,115,153,168,172,175,192,224,246,249],"guided":[48],"by":[49,76,143,214],"social":[51,61],"penetration":[52],"theory":[53],"(Altman":[54],"&":[55,66],"Taylor,":[56],"1973)":[57],"computers":[59],"are":[60],"actors":[62],"(CASA)":[63],"paradigm":[64],"(Nass":[65],"Moon,":[67],"2000),":[68],"this":[69,133,233],"study":[70,134,234],"explores":[71],"role":[73,82,163],"mediating":[81,162],"emotional":[84,106,149,157,187],"attachment":[85,158,188],"between":[86,113],"instructors\u2019":[88],"students\u2019":[91,105,169],"learning":[92,108,151,170,201,210],"experiences":[93],"(learning":[94],"interest":[95,171,208],"knowledge":[97,111,154,173,220],"gain).":[98],"Additionally,":[99],"it":[100],"examines":[101],"differences":[103,198],"in":[104,164,177,209,219,258],"attachment,":[107,150],"interest,":[109,152],"gain":[112],"Through":[118],"a":[119,206],"2":[120,127],"(AI":[121],"instructor":[122,166],"vs.":[123],"instructor)":[125],"\u00d7":[126],"(self-disclosure:":[128],"yes":[129],"or":[130],"no)":[131],"experiment,":[132],"concluded":[135],"that":[136],"1)":[137],"consistent":[138],"with":[139,195],"instructors,":[141,194,216],"led":[146],"to":[147,189,236],"higher":[148],"gain;":[155,174],"2)":[156],"played":[159],"an":[160],"important":[161],"3)":[176],"context":[179],"self-disclosure,":[181],"students":[182,204],"exhibited":[183],"similar":[184],"levels":[185],"both":[190],"no":[196],"significant":[197],"observed.":[199],"Regarding":[200],"outcomes,":[202],"while":[203],"demonstrated":[205],"greater":[207],"during":[211],"courses":[212],"taught":[213],"difference":[218],"gained":[221],"from":[222],"was":[227],"not":[228],"significant.":[229],"The":[230],"results":[231],"contribute":[235],"understanding":[238],"provide":[247],"recommendations":[248],"insights":[250],"future":[253],"use":[254],"educational":[259],"settings.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-05-03T00:00:00"}