{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396557772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","title":"Optimizing lung cancer classification through hyperparameter tuning","display_name":"Optimizing lung cancer classification through hyperparameter tuning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396557772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38698834","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11064752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20552076241249661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188408","display_name":"Digital Health","issn_l":"2055-2076","issn":["2055-2076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIGITAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095963212","display_name":"Syed Muhammad Nabeel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5277-8627","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5277-8627"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143719379","display_name":"Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01vf56d70","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed Muhammad Nabeel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087814995","display_name":"Sibghat Ullah Bazai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-5977","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3042-5977","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-8785"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143719379","display_name":"Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01vf56d70","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sibghat Ullah Bazai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering, and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015556666","display_name":"Nada Abdulaziz Alasbali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2541-7876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2541-7876"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nada Alasbali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Computing Systems, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Computing Systems, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376147","display_name":"Yifan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4287-5468","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4287-5468"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405282143","display_name":"Nankai University Binhai College","ror":"https://ror.org/05cw5t640","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405282143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Science, Binhai College of Nankai University, Tianjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Science, Binhai College of Nankai University, Tianjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279","https://openalex.org/I4405282143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071049393","display_name":"Muhammad Imran Ghafoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-3163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-3163"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Imran Ghafoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Pakistan Television Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Pakistan Television Corporation, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rozi Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rozi Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Balochistan Campus Quetta, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Balochistan Campus Quetta, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068782746","display_name":"Chin Soon Ku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-3308","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-3308"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chin Soon Ku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0793-3308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-8395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-8395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-8395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080581779","display_name":"Sana Shahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0254-3351","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0254-3351","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6407-4458"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Shahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003091988","display_name":"Lip Yee Por","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-1533","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-1533"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lip Yee Por","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-1533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003091988","https://openalex.org/A5068782746","https://openalex.org/A5087814995","https://openalex.org/A5095963212"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143719379","https://openalex.org/I33849332","https://openalex.org/I931681460"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"fwci":5.6059,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97199943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"20552076241249661","last_page":"20552076241249661"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.07440000027418137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer-classification","display_name":"lung cancer classification","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"hyperparameter optimization","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-parameter","display_name":"gamma parameter","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization-strength","display_name":"regularization strength","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer-diagnosis","display_name":"lung cancer diagnosis","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-invasive-diagnosis","display_name":"non-invasive diagnosis","score":0.7160000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.7882697582244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6497188210487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.6190433502197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5879727005958557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5732192993164062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.553846538066864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.49801039695739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20946922898292542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.1355268657207489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10238182544708252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/20552076241249661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188408","display_name":"Digital Health","issn_l":"2055-2076","issn":["2055-2076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIGITAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11064752","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11064752","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11064752/pdf/10.1177_20552076241249661.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digit Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38698834","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38698834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ddbd3097c0f94302a45cc4a6bf87de0a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ddbd3097c0f94302a45cc4a6bf87de0a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Digital Health, Vol 10 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/20552076241249661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241249661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188408","display_name":"Digital Health","issn_l":"2055-2076","issn":["2055-2076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DIGITAL HEALTH","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4545310831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RMF1506-2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322604","funder_display_name":"Universiti Malaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4780194383","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGP.2/550/44","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F33954902","funder_display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F33954902","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322604","display_name":"Universiti Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396557772.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396557772.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017103032","https://openalex.org/W2605316438","https://openalex.org/W2747420241","https://openalex.org/W2751036141","https://openalex.org/W2757722543","https://openalex.org/W2783620100","https://openalex.org/W2803884139","https://openalex.org/W2895007836","https://openalex.org/W2915841953","https://openalex.org/W2945386011","https://openalex.org/W2948464877","https://openalex.org/W2949301588","https://openalex.org/W2968081492","https://openalex.org/W2978862704","https://openalex.org/W2979026278","https://openalex.org/W2979484220","https://openalex.org/W2989969892","https://openalex.org/W3018022596","https://openalex.org/W3039910405","https://openalex.org/W3119484484","https://openalex.org/W3127270206","https://openalex.org/W3135305576","https://openalex.org/W3135567571","https://openalex.org/W3153269770","https://openalex.org/W3159214994","https://openalex.org/W3165223959","https://openalex.org/W3184018610","https://openalex.org/W3186248493","https://openalex.org/W3191603129","https://openalex.org/W3207284521","https://openalex.org/W4205344436","https://openalex.org/W4206652335","https://openalex.org/W4206806947","https://openalex.org/W4214714410","https://openalex.org/W4220745549","https://openalex.org/W4221158274","https://openalex.org/W4225604098","https://openalex.org/W4283012681","https://openalex.org/W4285101267","https://openalex.org/W4285495157","https://openalex.org/W4302011021","https://openalex.org/W4309362828","https://openalex.org/W4328007038","https://openalex.org/W4385444387","https://openalex.org/W4388937888"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408579491","https://openalex.org/W4414876187","https://openalex.org/W4407602496","https://openalex.org/W4410853823","https://openalex.org/W4396679429","https://openalex.org/W4386394195","https://openalex.org/W7160520169","https://openalex.org/W4412624631","https://openalex.org/W4407221095","https://openalex.org/W4412634864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"is":[2,77],"steadily":[3],"permeating":[4],"various":[5],"sectors,":[6],"including":[7],"healthcare.":[8],"This":[9,118],"research":[10],"specifically":[11],"addresses":[12],"lung":[13,65,181],"cancer,":[14],"the":[15,20,44,111,125],"world's":[16],"deadliest":[17],"disease":[18],"with":[19],"highest":[21],"mortality":[22],"rate.":[23],"Two":[24],"primary":[25],"factors":[26],"contribute":[27],"to":[28,41,61,71,174],"its":[29],"onset:":[30],"genetic":[31],"predisposition":[32],"and":[33,39,81,116,127,143,160,177],"environmental":[34],"factors,":[35],"such":[36],"as":[37,107],"smoking":[38],"exposure":[40],"pollutants.":[42],"Recognizing":[43],"need":[45],"for":[46],"more":[47],"effective":[48],"diagnosis":[49],"techniques,":[50],"our":[51,103,168],"study":[52],"embarked":[53],"on":[54,124],"devising":[55],"a":[56,73,96,134,148,156,161],"machine":[57],"learning":[58],"strategy":[59],"tailored":[60],"boost":[62],"precision":[63,115,157],"in":[64,113,180],"cancer":[66,182],"detection.":[67,183],"Our":[68],"aim":[69],"was":[70],"devise":[72],"diagnostic":[74],"method":[75,119],"that":[76],"both":[78],"less":[79],"invasive":[80],"cost-effective.":[82],"To":[83],"this":[84],"end,":[85],"we":[86,150],"proposed":[87],"four":[88],"methods,":[89,104],"benchmarking":[90],"them":[91],"against":[92],"prevalent":[93],"techniques":[94],"using":[95],"universally":[97],"recognized":[98],"dataset":[99],"from":[100],"Kaggle.":[101],"Among":[102],"one":[105],"emerged":[106],"particularly":[108],"promising,":[109],"outperforming":[110],"competition":[112],"accuracy,":[114],"sensitivity.":[117],"utilized":[120],"hyperparameter":[121],"tuning,":[122],"focusing":[123],"Gamma":[126],"C":[128],"parameters,":[129],"which":[130],"were":[131],"set":[132],"at":[133],"value":[135],"of":[136,154,158,164],"10.":[137],"These":[138],"parameters":[139],"influence":[140],"kernel":[141],"width":[142],"regularization":[144],"strength,":[145],"respectively.":[146],"As":[147],"result,":[149],"achieved":[151],"an":[152],"accuracy":[153],"99.16%,":[155],"98%":[159],"sensitivity":[162],"rate":[163],"100%.":[165],"In":[166],"conclusion,":[167],"enhanced":[169],"prediction":[170],"mechanism":[171],"has":[172],"proven":[173],"surpass":[175],"traditional":[176],"contemporary":[178],"strategies":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2024-05-02T00:00:00"}
