{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396237166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124","title":"Deep Neural Networks for Classifying Nutrient Deficiencies in Rice Plants Using Leaf Images","display_name":"Deep Neural Networks for Classifying Nutrient Deficiencies in Rice Plants Using Leaf Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396237166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12785/ijcds/160124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015152","display_name":"International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems","issn_l":"2210-142X","issn":["2210-142X","2535-9886"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021993584","display_name":"Shrikrishna Kolhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4170-0081","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4170-0081"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I244572783","display_name":"Symbiosis International University","ror":"https://ror.org/005r2ww51","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shrikrishna Kolhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412 115, Maharashtra, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbiosis Institute of Technology (SIT), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412 115, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075341122","display_name":"Jayant Jagtap","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1650-3246","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1650-3246"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800157045","display_name":"NIMS University","ror":"https://ror.org/05tw0x522","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800157045"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayant Jagtap","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIMS Institute of Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIMS Institute of Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800157045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029937900","display_name":"Rajveer Shastri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9535-2364","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9535-2364"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajveer Shastri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vidya Pratishthan's Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baramati 413133, Maharashtra, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vidya Pratishthan's Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baramati 413133, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4359,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95370069,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"305","last_page":"314"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rice-plants","display_name":"rice plants","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-images","display_name":"leaf images","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrogen-deficiency","display_name":"nitrogen deficiency","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phosphorus-deficiency","display_name":"phosphorus deficiency","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/potassium-deficiency","display_name":"potassium deficiency","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xception","display_name":"Xception","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-transformer","display_name":"vision transformer","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mlp-mixer","display_name":"MLP-Mixer","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-images","display_name":"RGB images","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertilizer-recommendation","display_name":"fertilizer recommendation","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-disease-detection","display_name":"plant disease detection","score":0.4830000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.6570916175842285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6537286043167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6369368433952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6326860189437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5175178050994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5011591911315918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993497135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7070481","display_name":"Nutrient deficiency","level":3,"score":0.4958513677120209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4435787796974182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43012234568595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.41041332483291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3729765713214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3576240539550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08984991908073425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07733011245727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07620459794998169}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12785/ijcds/160124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015152","display_name":"International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems","issn_l":"2210-142X","issn":["2210-142X","2535-9886"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12785/ijcds/160124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/160124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015152","display_name":"International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems","issn_l":"2210-142X","issn":["2210-142X","2535-9886"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1821211616","https://openalex.org/W2031213448","https://openalex.org/W2509690500","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2792113904","https://openalex.org/W2884826202","https://openalex.org/W2910025388","https://openalex.org/W2943024341","https://openalex.org/W2946132007","https://openalex.org/W2952603942","https://openalex.org/W2989868342","https://openalex.org/W3024179220","https://openalex.org/W3028098469","https://openalex.org/W3049558545","https://openalex.org/W3072496351","https://openalex.org/W3082831672","https://openalex.org/W3091438433","https://openalex.org/W3091507383","https://openalex.org/W3093348230","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3095305589","https://openalex.org/W3097728713","https://openalex.org/W3098338596","https://openalex.org/W3104035342","https://openalex.org/W3121853972","https://openalex.org/W3129419346","https://openalex.org/W3129854173","https://openalex.org/W3135701869","https://openalex.org/W3155869130","https://openalex.org/W3157506437","https://openalex.org/W3178763888","https://openalex.org/W3183386436","https://openalex.org/W3196807257","https://openalex.org/W3212230980","https://openalex.org/W4206165154","https://openalex.org/W4206950410","https://openalex.org/W4210465377","https://openalex.org/W4281490049","https://openalex.org/W4312105496","https://openalex.org/W4323316729","https://openalex.org/W4378701320","https://openalex.org/W4386422709","https://openalex.org/W4389097719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306770704","https://openalex.org/W4415822536","https://openalex.org/W3082831672","https://openalex.org/W3195039723","https://openalex.org/W4399426322","https://openalex.org/W4312105496","https://openalex.org/W4386211338","https://openalex.org/W4283205236","https://openalex.org/W4404371024","https://openalex.org/W7164747391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nutrients":[0],"are":[1],"vital":[2],"in":[3,15,93,108,164,194],"ensuring":[4],"expected":[5],"crop":[6,192],"growth":[7],"and":[8,28,43,75,89,151,184,189],"yield":[9],"quality.Accurate":[10],"identification":[11],"of":[12,23,26,133,138,172],"nutrient":[13,30,53,63,105,119,166],"deficiencies":[14,31,54,92,167],"plants":[16,95,110],"is":[17,32,102],"essential":[18],"to":[19,41,50,83,186,197],"provide":[20],"appropriate":[21],"supplements":[22],"fertilizers.Manual":[24],"inspection":[25],"symptoms":[27,107],"identifying":[29],"a":[33,45],"tiresome":[34],"task":[35],"requiring":[36],"higher":[37],"expertise.This":[38],"paper":[39,56],"aims":[40],"design":[42],"develop":[44],"computationally":[46],"efficient":[47],"deep-learning":[48,60],"model":[49,100,127,156],"classify":[51],"plant":[52],"accurately.This":[55],"presents":[57],"an":[58],"image-based":[59],"framework":[61],"for":[62],"deficiency":[64,106,120],"identification.Three":[65],"deep":[66],"learning":[67],"models,":[68],"namely":[69],"the":[70,129,136,148,160,169,176],"Xception":[71,126,155],"model,":[72,80],"vision":[73,149],"transformer,":[74],"multi-layer":[76],"perceptron-based":[77],"(MLP)":[78],"mixer":[79,153],"were":[81],"trained":[82,183],"identify":[84],"nitrogen":[85],"(N),":[86],"phosphorous":[87],"(P),":[88],"potassium":[90],"(K)":[91],"rice":[94,109],"from":[96],"red-green-blue":[97],"(RGB)":[98],"images.The":[99],"performance":[101],"tested":[103],"on":[104,114],"dataset":[111],"available":[112],"publicly":[113],"Kaggle.All":[115],"three":[116],"models":[117,163],"achieved":[118,128],"classification":[121],"accuracy":[122,132],"greater":[123],"than":[124,147,159],"92%.The":[125],"highest":[130],"average":[131],"95.14%":[134],"at":[135],"cost":[137],"approximately":[139],"1.2":[140],"million":[141],"total":[142,173],"trainable":[143,174],"parameters,":[144],"much":[145],"less":[146],"transformer":[150],"MLP":[152],"model.The":[154],"performs":[157],"better":[158],"other":[161],"two":[162],"classifying":[165],"with":[168],"least":[170],"number":[171],"parameters.In":[175],"future,":[177],"these":[178],"neural":[179],"networks":[180],"can":[181],"be":[182],"extended":[185],"accurately":[187],"detect":[188],"segment":[190],"nutrient-deficient":[191],"areas":[193],"large":[195],"fields":[196],"supply":[198],"precise":[199],"fertilizer":[200],"supplements.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-04-30T00:00:00"}