{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396222004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","title":"A systematic review on diabetic retinopathy detection and classification based on deep learning techniques using fundus images","display_name":"A systematic review on diabetic retinopathy detection and classification based on deep learning techniques using fundus images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396222004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38699206","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11065411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","pdf_url":"https://peerj.com/articles/cs-1947.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://peerj.com/articles/cs-1947.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048621820","display_name":"Dasari Bhulakshmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-2518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-2518"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dasari Bhulakshmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047243515","display_name":"Dharmendra Singh Rajput","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9708-8739","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9708-8739"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dharmendra Singh Rajput","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047243515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"],"apc_list":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"apc_paid":{"value":1395,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1395},"fwci":4.2376,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96905312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"e1947","last_page":"e1947"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus-images","display_name":"fundus images","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy-detection","display_name":"retinopathy detection","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy-grading","display_name":"retinopathy grading","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"federated learning","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microaneurysms","display_name":"microaneurysms","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy-screening","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy screening","score":0.6990000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7515350580215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.748448371887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.7364357709884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.714262068271637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.713943362236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6468369960784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5262816548347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5225976705551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.4650576710700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45830655097961426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.38837289810180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.37600716948509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32700014114379883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.28328484296798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","pdf_url":"https://peerj.com/articles/cs-1947.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11065411","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11065411","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11065411/pdf/peerj-cs-10-1947.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Comput Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38699206","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38699206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ. Computer science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0578f3b105bc4b9aaeb7f2eab2ab9215","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0578f3b105bc4b9aaeb7f2eab2ab9215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science, Vol 10, p e1947 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1947","pdf_url":"https://peerj.com/articles/cs-1947.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210178049","display_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","issn_l":"2376-5992","issn":["2376-5992"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320104","host_organization_name":"PeerJ, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320104"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["PeerJ, Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PeerJ Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396222004.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396222004.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":89,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1627339368","https://openalex.org/W2049822456","https://openalex.org/W2536788648","https://openalex.org/W2601983126","https://openalex.org/W2789816877","https://openalex.org/W2884292375","https://openalex.org/W2901464553","https://openalex.org/W2910121883","https://openalex.org/W2949164363","https://openalex.org/W2974157770","https://openalex.org/W2980444207","https://openalex.org/W2992272656","https://openalex.org/W2999301272","https://openalex.org/W2999666348","https://openalex.org/W3011401450","https://openalex.org/W3015420973","https://openalex.org/W3035941285","https://openalex.org/W3049483417","https://openalex.org/W3088134786","https://openalex.org/W3088682211","https://openalex.org/W3090072574","https://openalex.org/W3119303443","https://openalex.org/W3119880982","https://openalex.org/W3120244865","https://openalex.org/W3120712761","https://openalex.org/W3120776831","https://openalex.org/W3130542711","https://openalex.org/W3133822294","https://openalex.org/W3136354122","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3140914152","https://openalex.org/W3159068660","https://openalex.org/W3159219336","https://openalex.org/W3163732269","https://openalex.org/W3165907317","https://openalex.org/W3167965784","https://openalex.org/W3171802458","https://openalex.org/W3175311671","https://openalex.org/W3176495227","https://openalex.org/W3185874749","https://openalex.org/W3194730353","https://openalex.org/W3195505129","https://openalex.org/W3204892857","https://openalex.org/W3209215503","https://openalex.org/W3210103168","https://openalex.org/W3212502336","https://openalex.org/W3215726887","https://openalex.org/W4200353185","https://openalex.org/W4220868027","https://openalex.org/W4220898925","https://openalex.org/W4224437581","https://openalex.org/W4225001000","https://openalex.org/W4225317590","https://openalex.org/W4226244379","https://openalex.org/W4280635966","https://openalex.org/W4281777636","https://openalex.org/W4283215312","https://openalex.org/W4283260760","https://openalex.org/W4283773504","https://openalex.org/W4285093832","https://openalex.org/W4293795081","https://openalex.org/W4297399828","https://openalex.org/W4301520882","https://openalex.org/W4306362130","https://openalex.org/W4312127867","https://openalex.org/W4313405243","https://openalex.org/W4313524270","https://openalex.org/W4313559145","https://openalex.org/W4313575080","https://openalex.org/W4317207118","https://openalex.org/W4317653768","https://openalex.org/W4317938178","https://openalex.org/W4318219815","https://openalex.org/W4318477536","https://openalex.org/W4318953389","https://openalex.org/W4320920004","https://openalex.org/W4321378219","https://openalex.org/W4322757179","https://openalex.org/W4328127104","https://openalex.org/W4361006024","https://openalex.org/W4362654508","https://openalex.org/W4366091323","https://openalex.org/W4367598399","https://openalex.org/W4367623871","https://openalex.org/W4367846179","https://openalex.org/W4380049057","https://openalex.org/W4387669791","https://openalex.org/W4387677281","https://openalex.org/W4388145633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317207118","https://openalex.org/W7203631486","https://openalex.org/W4404119460","https://openalex.org/W4226244379","https://openalex.org/W4410329763","https://openalex.org/W7203577773","https://openalex.org/W7216679169","https://openalex.org/W4402155162","https://openalex.org/W4401508554","https://openalex.org/W4380238720"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3,50],"the":[4,31,43,60,63,69,100,161,196],"leading":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,47,62,95,102,155,163,201],"visual":[8],"impairment":[9],"globally.":[10],"It":[11,22],"occurs":[12],"due":[13],"to":[14,39,58],"long-term":[15],"diabetes":[16],"with":[17],"fluctuating":[18],"blood":[19,79],"glucose":[20],"levels.":[21],"has":[23],"become":[24],"a":[25],"significant":[26],"concern":[27],"for":[28,90],"people":[29],"in":[30,42,160],"working":[32],"age":[33],"group":[34],"as":[35,116,167,183],"it":[36],"can":[37],"lead":[38],"vision":[40],"loss":[41],"future.":[44],"Manual":[45],"examination":[46],"fundus":[48,164],"images":[49],"time-consuming":[51],"and":[52,56,67,86,93,107,123,137,153,158,172,187,198],"requires":[53],"much":[54],"effort":[55],"expertise":[57],"determine":[59],"severity":[61],"retinopathy.":[64],"To":[65],"diagnose":[66],"evaluate":[68],"disease,":[70],"deep":[71,120],"learning-based":[72],"technologies":[73],"have":[74],"been":[75],"used,":[76],"which":[77],"analyze":[78],"vessels,":[80],"microaneurysms,":[81],"exudates,":[82],"macula,":[83],"optic":[84],"discs,":[85],"hemorrhages":[87],"also":[88,193],"used":[89],"initial":[91],"detection":[92],"grading":[94],"DR.":[96],"This":[97],"study":[98],"examines":[99],"fundamentals":[101],"diabetes,":[103],"its":[104],"prevalence,":[105],"complications,":[106],"treatment":[108],"strategies":[109],"that":[110],"use":[111],"artificial":[112],"intelligence":[113],"methods":[114],"such":[115,166,182],"machine":[117],"learning":[118,121,125],"(ML),":[119],"(DL),":[122],"federated":[124],"(FL).":[126],"The":[127,178],"research":[128,180,203],"covers":[129],"future":[130,199],"studies,":[131],"performance":[132],"assessments,":[133],"biomarkers,":[134],"screening":[135],"methods,":[136,181],"current":[138],"datasets.":[139],"Various":[140],"neural":[141,146,169],"network":[142],"designs,":[143],"including":[144],"recurrent":[145],"networks":[147,151,170],"(RNNs),":[148],"generative":[149],"adversarial":[150],"(GANs),":[152],"applications":[154],"ML,":[156],"DL,":[157],"FL":[159],"processing":[162],"images,":[165],"convolutional":[168],"(CNNs)":[171],"their":[173],"variations,":[174],"are":[175,192,204],"thoroughly":[176],"examined.":[177],"potential":[179],"developing":[184],"DL":[185],"models":[186],"incorporating":[188],"heterogeneous":[189],"data":[190],"sources,":[191],"outlined.":[194],"Finally,":[195],"challenges":[197],"directions":[200],"this":[202],"discussed.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2024-04-30T00:00:00"}