{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394963705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","title":"A comprehensive review on the hepatotoxicity of herbs used in the Indian (Ayush) systems of alternative medicine","display_name":"A comprehensive review on the hepatotoxicity of herbs used in the Indian (Ayush) systems of alternative medicine","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394963705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38640296","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11029936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28966261","display_name":"Medicine","issn_l":"0025-7974","issn":["0025-7974","1536-5964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081384196","display_name":"Cyriac Abby Philips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9587-336X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9587-336X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113677","display_name":"Rajagiri Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01zb5kv44","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113677"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cyriac Abby Philips","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical and Translational Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, India","Department of Clinical Research, Division of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the Liver, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, India","Cyriac Abby Philips, The Liver Institute, Center for Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Ground Floor, Phase II, Tower-3, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala 683112, India (e-mail"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9587-336X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical and Translational Hepatology, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113677"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Research, Division of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the Liver, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113677"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyriac Abby Philips, The Liver Institute, Center for Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Ground Floor, Phase II, Tower-3, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, Kerala 683112, India (e-mail","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113677"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059864134","display_name":"Arif Hussain Theruvath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-3465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-3465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113677","display_name":"Rajagiri Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01zb5kv44","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113677"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arif Hussain Theruvath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Research, Division of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the Liver, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, India","103:16(e37903)","Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study","Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Research, Division of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the Liver, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in Gastrointestinal Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Aluva, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113677"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"103:16(e37903)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Supplemental Digital Content is available for this article","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081384196"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113677"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1950},"fwci":1.5777,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80175659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"103","issue":"16","first_page":"e37903","last_page":"e37903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11465","display_name":"Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection","score":0.7153000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11465","display_name":"Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection","score":0.7153000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10902","display_name":"Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies","score":0.16699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12756","display_name":"Plant Toxicity and Pharmacological Properties","score":0.049300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditional-indian-medicine","display_name":"traditional Indian medicine","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tinospora-cordifolia","display_name":"Tinospora cordifolia","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ashwagandha","display_name":"Withania somnifera","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turmeric","display_name":"turmeric","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psoralea-corylifolia","display_name":"Psoralea corylifolia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centella-asiatica","display_name":"Centella asiatica","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garcinia-cambogia","display_name":"Garcinia cambogia","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cassia-angustifolia","display_name":"Cassia angustifolia","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morinda-citrifolia","display_name":"Morinda citrifolia","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-supplements","display_name":"dietary supplements","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acute-liver-failure","display_name":"acute liver failure","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herbal-adulteration","display_name":"herbal medicine adulteration","score":0.5759999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.974498987197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.6783042550086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.4812345504760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779969877","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861699","display_name":"Phytotherapy","level":3,"score":0.4654679298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4319784641265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.40784531831741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.061163097620010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.05605602264404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000529","descriptor_name":"Complementary Therapies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006505","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017114","descriptor_name":"Liver Failure, Acute","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056486","descriptor_name":"Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28966261","display_name":"Medicine","issn_l":"0025-7974","issn":["0025-7974","1536-5964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11029936","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11029936","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11029936/pdf/medi-103-e37903.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine (Baltimore)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38640296","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38640296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine","raw_type":"Review"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S28966261","display_name":"Medicine","issn_l":"0025-7974","issn":["0025-7974","1536-5964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318547","host_organization_name":"Wolters Kluwer","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394963705.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394963705.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W112733785","https://openalex.org/W1571098654","https://openalex.org/W1981177404","https://openalex.org/W1982068426","https://openalex.org/W1994340980","https://openalex.org/W2034321424","https://openalex.org/W2034527738","https://openalex.org/W2043509228","https://openalex.org/W2069043685","https://openalex.org/W2098466711","https://openalex.org/W2122518251","https://openalex.org/W2126950815","https://openalex.org/W2135243893","https://openalex.org/W2139491621","https://openalex.org/W2168863220","https://openalex.org/W2211486110","https://openalex.org/W2234844573","https://openalex.org/W2238003553","https://openalex.org/W2288570999","https://openalex.org/W2317818937","https://openalex.org/W2405766787","https://openalex.org/W2413859865","https://openalex.org/W2419629463","https://openalex.org/W2468661643","https://openalex.org/W2556774426","https://openalex.org/W2579340176","https://openalex.org/W2654587413","https://openalex.org/W2752967343","https://openalex.org/W2771569368","https://openalex.org/W2790119072","https://openalex.org/W2792061293","https://openalex.org/W2792979708","https://openalex.org/W2793066160","https://openalex.org/W2808252722","https://openalex.org/W2892509758","https://openalex.org/W2904641912","https://openalex.org/W2913688224","https://openalex.org/W2938236448","https://openalex.org/W2939861386","https://openalex.org/W2941411671","https://openalex.org/W2951582795","https://openalex.org/W2978130019","https://openalex.org/W2987115863","https://openalex.org/W2990714711","https://openalex.org/W3003495023","https://openalex.org/W3033224407","https://openalex.org/W3037958004","https://openalex.org/W3043268104","https://openalex.org/W3048866077","https://openalex.org/W3083182533","https://openalex.org/W3089927133","https://openalex.org/W3092533250","https://openalex.org/W3092560102","https://openalex.org/W3132676081","https://openalex.org/W3134027277","https://openalex.org/W3179372950","https://openalex.org/W3187058319","https://openalex.org/W3187260736","https://openalex.org/W3196628810","https://openalex.org/W3197484264","https://openalex.org/W3197523512","https://openalex.org/W3204591994","https://openalex.org/W3208347486","https://openalex.org/W3215025798","https://openalex.org/W4205092242","https://openalex.org/W4205968802","https://openalex.org/W4225389413","https://openalex.org/W4281685472","https://openalex.org/W4283775078","https://openalex.org/W4285021259","https://openalex.org/W4293217615","https://openalex.org/W4297901508","https://openalex.org/W4306168950","https://openalex.org/W4308454754","https://openalex.org/W4309338411","https://openalex.org/W4311590132","https://openalex.org/W4319655516","https://openalex.org/W4321599286","https://openalex.org/W4327697698","https://openalex.org/W4360803886","https://openalex.org/W4365513889","https://openalex.org/W4378903165","https://openalex.org/W4385797781","https://openalex.org/W4387078308","https://openalex.org/W4387337490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092533250","https://openalex.org/W1965877841","https://openalex.org/W3022283892","https://openalex.org/W2136959587","https://openalex.org/W1490747191","https://openalex.org/W2478100081","https://openalex.org/W3182793358","https://openalex.org/W2735343483","https://openalex.org/W7124421133","https://openalex.org/W2908832202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Complementary":[0],"and":[1,21,43,54,75,95,132,172,231,239,243],"alternative":[2,78],"medicine-related":[3],"liver":[4,100,146,181,194,199,204,234],"injuries":[5,182],"are":[6,187],"increasing":[7,96],"globally.":[8],"Alternative":[9],"medicine,":[10],"as":[11,115,155,159],"an":[12],"inclusive":[13],"healthcare":[14],"practice,":[15],"is":[16,65],"widely":[17],"accepted":[18],"in":[19,32,46,107,221],"developing":[20],"underdeveloped":[22],"countries.":[23],"In":[24],"this":[25],"context,":[26],"the":[27,37,41,47,99,141,144],"traditional":[28,108,152,222],"systems":[29,110],"of":[30,49,56,77,103,111,143],"medicine":[31,112],"India":[33],"have":[34,85],"been":[35],"at":[36],"forefront,":[38],"catering":[39],"to":[40,61,184,192,197,215,228],"preventive":[42],"therapeutic":[44],"spectrum":[45],"absence":[48],"conclusive":[50],"evidence":[51],"for":[52,225],"benefits":[53],"lack":[55],"data":[57],"on":[58,98],"safety.":[59],"Contrary":[60],"popular":[62],"belief,":[63],"it":[64],"evident":[66],"that":[67],"apart":[68],"from":[69],"adverse":[70],"events":[71],"caused":[72],"by":[73],"contamination":[74],"adulteration":[76],"medicines,":[79],"certain":[80],"commonly":[81,104],"used":[82,105,154],"herbal":[83],"components":[84],"inherent":[86],"hepatotoxicity.":[87],"This":[88,137,211],"narrative":[89],"review":[90,138,212],"updates":[91],"our":[92],"current":[93],"understanding":[94],"publications":[97],"toxicity":[101,147],"potential":[102],"herbs":[106,153,186],"Indian":[109],"(Ayush),":[113],"such":[114,158],"Tinospora":[116],"cordifolia":[117],"(Willd.)":[118],"Hook.f.":[119],"&":[120],"Thomson":[121],"(Giloy/Guduchi),":[122],"Withania":[123],"somnifera":[124],"(L.)":[125,162],"Dunal":[126],"(Ashwagandha),":[127],"Curcuma":[128],"longa":[129],"L.":[130,135,175],"(Turmeric),":[131],"Psoralea":[133],"corylifolia":[134],"(Bakuchi/Babchi).":[136],"also":[139,213],"highlights":[140],"importance":[142],"upcoming":[145],"profiles":[148],"associated":[149],"with":[150,206],"other":[151],"dietary":[156],"supplements,":[157],"Centella":[160],"asiatica":[161],"Urb.,":[163],"Garcinia":[164],"cambogia":[165],"Desr.,":[166],"Cassia":[167],"angustifolia":[168],"Vahl":[169],"(Indian":[170],"senna),":[171],"Morinda":[173],"citrofolia":[174],"(Noni":[176],"fruit).":[177],"Fortunately,":[178],"most":[179],"reported":[180],"due":[183],"these":[185],"self-limiting,":[188],"but":[189],"can":[190],"lead":[191],"progressive":[193],"dysfunction,":[195],"leading":[196],"acute":[198,202],"failure":[200,205],"or":[201],"chronic":[203],"a":[207],"high":[208],"mortality":[209],"rate.":[210],"aims":[214],"provide":[216],"adequate":[217],"knowledge":[218],"regarding":[219],"herbalism":[220],"practices,":[223],"pertinent":[224],"medical":[226],"doctors":[227],"diagnose,":[229],"treat,":[230],"prevent":[232],"avoidable":[233],"disease":[235],"burdens":[236],"within":[237],"communities,":[238],"improve":[240],"public":[241],"health":[242],"education.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-04-20T00:00:00"}