{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394951937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-231047","title":"Improving Regression Analysis with Imputation in a Longitudinal Study of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","display_name":"Improving Regression Analysis with Imputation in a Longitudinal Study of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394951937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-231047","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38640151","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11068486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jad-231047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-231047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-231047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25155249","display_name":"Journal of Alzheimer s Disease","issn_l":"1387-2877","issn":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11068486/pdf/nihms-1977953.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113323474","display_name":"Ganesh Chandrasekaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6161-6921","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6161-6921"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganesh Chandrasekaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046674053","display_name":"Sharon Xiangwen Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-4103","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-4103"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sharon X. Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106733559","display_name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"for the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046674053"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5356,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82749662,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"99","issue":"1","first_page":"263","last_page":"277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/missing-data","display_name":"missing data","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-imputation","display_name":"multiple imputation","score":0.746999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.9235413074493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.884024441242218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.6564223766326904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020672099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Longitudinal data","level":2,"score":0.6146151423454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778373026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4738819","display_name":"Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","level":4,"score":0.5806523561477661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.5573874711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4297712743282318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.4137059152126312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4084758460521698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.39009276032447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3838415741920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.35373884439468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502032728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","level":3,"score":0.3428879976272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.24273517727851868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.229335755109787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20933613181114197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.16531828045845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1581861972808838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10876253247261047}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060825","descriptor_name":"Cognitive Dysfunction","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jad-231047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-231047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-231047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25155249","display_name":"Journal of Alzheimer s Disease","issn_l":"1387-2877","issn":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38640151","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38640151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11068486","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11068486","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11068486/pdf/nihms-1977953.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Alzheimers Dis","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11068486","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11068486","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11068486/pdf/nihms-1977953.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Alzheimers Dis","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2264345875","display_name":"Center On Alpha-synuclein Strains In Alzheimer Disease & Related Dementias","funder_award_id":"U19AG062418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4171860445","display_name":"From cells to complex syndromes: using networks to understand heterogeneity in TDP-related frontotemporal degeneration and aging","funder_award_id":"P01AG066597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6469015770","display_name":"Efficient statistical methods for assessing dementia risk in Parkinson's disease","funder_award_id":"R01NS102324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000041203","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AG062418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000065952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AG072979","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000164485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AG066597","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000912895","display_name":"Penn Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC)","funder_award_id":"P30AG072979","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309697","display_name":"Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","ror":"https://ror.org/01j20wc74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394951937.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394951937.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1855903271","https://openalex.org/W1919216911","https://openalex.org/W1977168273","https://openalex.org/W1995174936","https://openalex.org/W1999530134","https://openalex.org/W2004897035","https://openalex.org/W2007044705","https://openalex.org/W2007947662","https://openalex.org/W2008405909","https://openalex.org/W2015568638","https://openalex.org/W2024719735","https://openalex.org/W2025979859","https://openalex.org/W2025983435","https://openalex.org/W2028633780","https://openalex.org/W2033252867","https://openalex.org/W2066281210","https://openalex.org/W2082246284","https://openalex.org/W2100358124","https://openalex.org/W2130240223","https://openalex.org/W2134843796","https://openalex.org/W2140210278","https://openalex.org/W2170674956","https://openalex.org/W2280317054","https://openalex.org/W2561564813","https://openalex.org/W2789976306","https://openalex.org/W2886443073","https://openalex.org/W2902155257","https://openalex.org/W2902211958","https://openalex.org/W2921586060","https://openalex.org/W3035663944","https://openalex.org/W3158727545","https://openalex.org/W4249565903","https://openalex.org/W4296992723","https://openalex.org/W4300603082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7117250448","https://openalex.org/W4405756243","https://openalex.org/W4372279891","https://openalex.org/W3185407564","https://openalex.org/W2529781929","https://openalex.org/W4383374342","https://openalex.org/W4285202475","https://openalex.org/W2791907455","https://openalex.org/W6958476891","https://openalex.org/W4200350001"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Missing":[1],"data":[2,162,223],"is":[3,13,68,78],"prevalent":[4],"in":[5,57,81,108,224,235],"the":[6,47,71,160,172,175,185,200,203,208,217,237,245],"Alzheimer's":[7,86],"Disease":[8,87],"Neuroimaging":[9],"Initiative":[10],"(ADNI).":[11],"It":[12,40],"common":[14],"to":[15,26,33,43,50,69,174,207,228],"deal":[16],"with":[17,22,99,110,120,125,141,146,191],"missingness":[18],"by":[19,83,149,158],"removing":[20],"subjects":[21,107],"missing":[23,161,222],"entries":[24],"prior":[25],"statistical":[27,246],"analysis;":[28],"however,":[29],"this":[30,52,66],"can":[31,54,243],"lead":[32],"significant":[34],"efficiency":[35,201],"loss":[36],"and":[37,75,96,128,164],"sometimes":[38],"bias.":[39],"has":[41],"yet":[42],"be":[44,55,233],"demonstrated":[45],"that":[46],"imputation":[48,74,77,138,145,178,190],"approach":[49],"handling":[51],"issue":[53],"valuable":[56],"some":[58],"longitudinal":[59,85],"regression":[60],"settings.":[61],"Objective:":[62],"The":[63,133,181],"purpose":[64],"of":[65,73,156,171,177,184,202,219],"study":[67,215],"demonstrate":[70],"importance":[72,218],"how":[76],"correctly":[79],"done":[80,210],"ADNI":[82,109],"analyzing":[84],"Assessment":[88],"Scale":[89],"-Cognitive":[90],"Subscale":[91],"13":[92,116],"(ADAS-Cog":[93],"13)":[94],"scores":[95,117],"their":[97],"association":[98],"baseline":[100,126],"patient":[101],"characteristics.":[102],"Methods:":[103],"We":[104,153,167],"studied":[105],"1,063":[106],"mild":[111],"cognitive":[112],"impairment.":[113],"Longitudinal":[114],"ADAS-Cog":[115],"were":[118,139],"modeled":[119],"a":[121],"linear":[122,186],"mixed-effects":[123,187],"model":[124,134,165,188],"clinical":[127],"demographic":[129],"characteristics":[130],"as":[131,239],"predictors.":[132],"estimates":[135,183],"obtained":[136,143],"without":[137,211],"compared":[140,206],"those":[142],"after":[144,189],"Multiple":[147],"Imputation":[148],"Chained":[150],"Equations":[151],"(MICE).":[152],"justify":[154],"application":[155],"MICE":[157,192],"investigating":[159],"mechanism":[163],"assumptions.":[166],"also":[168],"assess":[169],"robustness":[170],"results":[173],"choice":[176],"method.":[179],"Results:":[180],"fixed-effects":[182],"yield":[193],"valid,":[194],"tighter":[195],"confidence":[196],"intervals,":[197],"thus":[198],"improving":[199],"analysis":[204,209],"when":[205],"imputation.":[212],"Conclusions:":[213],"Our":[214],"demonstrates":[216],"accounting":[220],"for":[221],"ADNI.":[225],"When":[226],"deciding":[227],"perform":[229],"imputation,":[230],"care":[231],"should":[232],"taken":[234],"choosing":[236],"approach,":[238],"an":[240],"invalid":[241],"one":[242],"compromise":[244],"analyses.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-04-20T00:00:00"}