{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394886745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2338327","title":"Optimizing Virtual Nature for Psychological and Physiological Well-Being: A Systematic Review of the Moderating Effects of Duration, Nature Type, Sample Characteristics, and Immersiveness and Potential Risks of Bias","display_name":"Optimizing Virtual Nature for Psychological and Physiological Well-Being: A Systematic Review of the Moderating Effects of Duration, Nature Type, Sample Characteristics, and Immersiveness and Potential Risks of Bias","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394886745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2338327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2338327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2338327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2338327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004060980","display_name":"Ahmad Bolouki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4982-9173","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4982-9173"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118177","display_name":"Iran University of Art","ror":"https://ror.org/02ggnbj54","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118177"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Bolouki","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art","School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4982-9173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004350814","display_name":"Olivia McAnirlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-078X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-078X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivia McAnirlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University","Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-078X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022120162","display_name":"Matthew H. E. M. Browning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-7602","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-7602","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1492-8358"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew H. E. M. Browning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University","Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-7602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014228115","display_name":"Allison Maynard","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allison Maynard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University","Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Reality & Nature Lab, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004060980"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118177"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2747,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74390244,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"775","last_page":"791"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":0.8755000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":0.8755000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.11890000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-nature","display_name":"virtual nature","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-well-being","display_name":"psychological well-being","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physiological-well-being","display_name":"physiological well-being","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"virtual reality","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"immersion","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-duration","display_name":"exposure duration","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-spaces","display_name":"green spaces","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blue-spaces","display_name":"blue spaces","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-of-bias","display_name":"risk of bias","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sense-of-presence","display_name":"presence","score":0.5260000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.6207671165466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5969702005386353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5727631449699402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5697102546691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.4872223436832428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.4675057828426361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4534289538860321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.4515938460826874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.45068755745887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.42527374625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2822628617286682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.22066456079483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.19790062308311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.13894861936569214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10691902041435242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2338327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2338327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2338327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S165559636","display_name":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction","issn_l":"1044-7318","issn":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4043000042438507,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":138,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977048151","https://openalex.org/W1978217986","https://openalex.org/W2005501262","https://openalex.org/W2017986746","https://openalex.org/W2027532785","https://openalex.org/W2045312759","https://openalex.org/W2052467933","https://openalex.org/W2052727181","https://openalex.org/W2054198335","https://openalex.org/W2087865581","https://openalex.org/W2117504085","https://openalex.org/W2120527047","https://openalex.org/W2139375312","https://openalex.org/W2153140199","https://openalex.org/W2156230143","https://openalex.org/W2166237669","https://openalex.org/W2169205464","https://openalex.org/W2327229913","https://openalex.org/W2519511798","https://openalex.org/W2599125902","https://openalex.org/W2600007407","https://openalex.org/W2604368725","https://openalex.org/W2617388058","https://openalex.org/W2734437906","https://openalex.org/W2761203707","https://openalex.org/W2767666449","https://openalex.org/W2781483635","https://openalex.org/W2788751878","https://openalex.org/W2789836588","https://openalex.org/W2791110532","https://openalex.org/W2792963052","https://openalex.org/W2860381232","https://openalex.org/W2888177344","https://openalex.org/W2898448375","https://openalex.org/W2899325656","https://openalex.org/W2899551183","https://openalex.org/W2900796641","https://openalex.org/W2914950643","https://openalex.org/W2940129826","https://openalex.org/W2961468220","https://openalex.org/W2963992868","https://openalex.org/W2966948194","https://openalex.org/W2971986629","https://openalex.org/W2973709831","https://openalex.org/W2978795816","https://openalex.org/W2980111968","https://openalex.org/W2986683217","https://openalex.org/W2987322332","https://openalex.org/W2996730833","https://openalex.org/W3000647430","https://openalex.org/W3004725874","https://openalex.org/W3007526250","https://openalex.org/W3019210395","https://openalex.org/W3024888274","https://openalex.org/W3032941280","https://openalex.org/W3038373843","https://openalex.org/W3040587847","https://openalex.org/W3043675231","https://openalex.org/W3088838888","https://openalex.org/W3090137698","https://openalex.org/W3090373812","https://openalex.org/W3091139802","https://openalex.org/W3094289467","https://openalex.org/W3122860603","https://openalex.org/W3132034796","https://openalex.org/W3133184530","https://openalex.org/W3137667126","https://openalex.org/W3138555087","https://openalex.org/W3139361128","https://openalex.org/W3158847144","https://openalex.org/W3165426739","https://openalex.org/W3165986924","https://openalex.org/W3168839030","https://openalex.org/W3170471395","https://openalex.org/W3197423437","https://openalex.org/W3201688006","https://openalex.org/W3202297329","https://openalex.org/W3203587995","https://openalex.org/W3204339523","https://openalex.org/W3208921496","https://openalex.org/W3208940096","https://openalex.org/W3211717257","https://openalex.org/W3215443232","https://openalex.org/W3216864272","https://openalex.org/W4200273768","https://openalex.org/W4206943130","https://openalex.org/W4210859775","https://openalex.org/W4211166040","https://openalex.org/W4213189607","https://openalex.org/W4214603126","https://openalex.org/W4220678925","https://openalex.org/W4220803492","https://openalex.org/W4220953388","https://openalex.org/W4220968557","https://openalex.org/W4226043520","https://openalex.org/W4281257070","https://openalex.org/W4282035890","https://openalex.org/W4283317706","https://openalex.org/W4285010342","https://openalex.org/W4285078298","https://openalex.org/W4285298736","https://openalex.org/W4289518284","https://openalex.org/W4290587126","https://openalex.org/W4292541276","https://openalex.org/W4293780308","https://openalex.org/W4295011583","https://openalex.org/W4295781207","https://openalex.org/W4297217599","https://openalex.org/W4297236411","https://openalex.org/W4301394935","https://openalex.org/W4302009477","https://openalex.org/W4302024763","https://openalex.org/W4302774768","https://openalex.org/W4308599794","https://openalex.org/W4308808679","https://openalex.org/W4309750829","https://openalex.org/W4311330051","https://openalex.org/W4311549590","https://openalex.org/W4313261000","https://openalex.org/W4313526349","https://openalex.org/W4313909939","https://openalex.org/W4315782203","https://openalex.org/W4317746730","https://openalex.org/W4318044517","https://openalex.org/W4318474775","https://openalex.org/W4320920837","https://openalex.org/W4321764171","https://openalex.org/W4323316242","https://openalex.org/W4361204371","https://openalex.org/W4362458594","https://openalex.org/W4366551184","https://openalex.org/W4376959489","https://openalex.org/W4378745463","https://openalex.org/W4379112950","https://openalex.org/W4379229919","https://openalex.org/W4383371111","https://openalex.org/W4384523991","https://openalex.org/W4392962390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379112950","https://openalex.org/W4206943130","https://openalex.org/W4293241276","https://openalex.org/W7154100990","https://openalex.org/W4303644997","https://openalex.org/W4311009132","https://openalex.org/W2960524931","https://openalex.org/W3203587995","https://openalex.org/W4294280982","https://openalex.org/W7171624182"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"nature":[1,32,53,122,194,239],"research":[2,68,188],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5,209,211],"a":[6,172],"prominent":[7],"and":[8,36,54,76,78,89,101,134,196,203,217],"captivating":[9],"study":[10],"area,":[11],"gaining":[12],"much":[13],"attention":[14],"for":[15,66,147,158],"its":[16],"profound":[17],"potential":[18],"to":[19,26,170,174,181],"enhance":[20],"well-being.":[21],"This":[22],"literature":[23],"review":[24],"aimed":[25],"expand":[27],"prior":[28],"reviews":[29],"of":[30,51,58,63,74,93,110,120,150,161,177,185,206,215,233],"virtual":[31,52,121,138,193,207,221,238],"experiences":[33],"on":[34],"psychological":[35],"physiological":[37],"well-being":[38],"in":[39,60,72,220],"two":[40],"ways:":[41],"summarizing":[42],"how":[43],"four":[44,105],"factors":[45],"may":[46],"moderate":[47,173],"the":[48,56,148,151,182,213,230,234],"beneficial":[49],"effects":[50,199],"reporting":[55],"risk":[57,176],"bias":[59,94],"this":[61],"body":[62],"literature.":[64],"Searches":[65],"peer-reviewed":[67],"articles":[69],"were":[70,108,168],"conducted":[71,96],"Web":[73],"Science":[75],"Scopus":[77],"manually":[79],"identified,":[80],"returning":[81],"78":[82],"relevant":[83],"empirical":[84],"studies":[85,167],"published":[86],"between":[87],"2010":[88],"2023.":[90],"The":[91,104],"assessment":[92],"was":[95],"utilizing":[97],"Cochrane\u2019s":[98],"RoB":[99],"2":[100],"ROBINS-I":[102],"tools.":[103],"moderators":[106,154],"examined":[107],"duration":[109],"exposure":[111],"(i.e.,":[112,123,130,137],"\u22645":[113],"min,":[114,116],"5\u201310":[115],"\u226510":[117],"min),":[118],"type":[119],"green":[124],"space,":[125],"blue":[126],"space),":[127],"sample":[128],"characteristics":[129],"age,":[131],"health":[132],"status),":[133],"immersion":[135,162,218],"level":[136],"reality":[139],"[VR],":[140],"2D":[141],"screens).":[142],"We":[143],"found":[144,169],"limited":[145],"evidence":[146,157],"impact":[149],"first":[152],"three":[153],"but":[155],"stronger":[156,164],"higher":[159],"levels":[160,219],"showing":[163],"benefits.":[165],"All":[166],"have":[171],"high":[175],"bias,":[178],"mostly":[179],"related":[180],"subjective":[183],"measurement":[184],"outcomes.":[186],"Future":[187],"should":[189],"prioritize":[190],"studying":[191],"tailored":[192],"interventions":[195],"their":[197],"long-term":[198],"among":[200],"diverse":[201],"participants":[202],"different":[204],"types":[205],"environments,":[208],"well":[210],"investigating":[212],"influence":[214],"presence":[216],"settings.":[222],"These":[223],"efforts":[224],"will":[225],"provide":[226],"further":[227],"insights":[228],"into":[229],"underlying":[231],"mechanisms":[232],"benefits":[235],"derived":[236],"from":[237],"exposure.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-04-18T00:00:00"}