{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394589329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/ssms20230035","title":"Identification and Interpretation of Melt Pool Shapes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion with Machine Learning","display_name":"Identification and Interpretation of Melt Pool Shapes in Laser Powder Bed Fusion with Machine Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394589329","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/ssms20230035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1520/ssms20230035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/ssms20230035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/ssms20230035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236461","display_name":"Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems","issn_l":"2572-3928","issn":["2572-3928","2520-6478"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068612125","display_name":"Matthew M. Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4432-3920","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4432-3920"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew M. Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University 1 , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4432-3920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University 1 , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027976586","display_name":"Vivian Wen Hui Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-8741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-8741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivian W. H. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University 2 , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-8741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University 2 , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007426489","display_name":"Ho Yeung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7745-5340","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7745-5340"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151571","display_name":"Engineering Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03v61g875","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210151571"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho Yeung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology 3 , 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology 3 , 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I4210151571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021987687","display_name":"Paul Witherell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6375-9482","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6375-9482"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151571","display_name":"Engineering Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03v61g875","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I4210151571"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Witherell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology 3 , 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology 3 , 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I4210151571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008053913","display_name":"Kincho H. Law","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9376-7643","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9376-7643"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kincho H. Law","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University 2 , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University 2 , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5092,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51864199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10783","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-powder-bed-fusion","display_name":"laser powder bed fusion","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melt-pool-shape","display_name":"melt pool shape","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-means-clustering","display_name":"K-means clustering","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silhouette-analysis","display_name":"silhouette analysis","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-network","display_name":"deep neural network","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer-wise-relevance-propagation","display_name":"layer-wise relevance propagation","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-parameter-optimization","display_name":"process parameter optimization","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-manufacturing-quality","display_name":"additive manufacturing quality","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-signatures","display_name":"process signatures","score":0.39399999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7744418382644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6584327220916748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.6341657042503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4995388984680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4728579521179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.4158773422241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35994112491607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3290219306945801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.22593343257904053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11364805698394775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0815582275390625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1520/ssms20230035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1520/ssms20230035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1520/ssms20230035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210236461","display_name":"Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems","issn_l":"2572-3928","issn":["2572-3928","2520-6478"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1566334474","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGE 2146755","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4562087700","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4010089139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"70NANB22H098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337572","funder_display_name":"Engineering Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337572","display_name":"Engineering Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03v61g875"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4562087700","display_name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2066435331","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2113540758","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2169393322","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2210796340","https://openalex.org/W2412321691","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2567926709","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2741574707","https://openalex.org/W2741876451","https://openalex.org/W2895046268","https://openalex.org/W2901057844","https://openalex.org/W2944347194","https://openalex.org/W2946987235","https://openalex.org/W2990385206","https://openalex.org/W3000716014","https://openalex.org/W3022224211","https://openalex.org/W3046607974","https://openalex.org/W3080402790","https://openalex.org/W3092319349","https://openalex.org/W3096174956","https://openalex.org/W3119352763","https://openalex.org/W3143979003","https://openalex.org/W3164503557","https://openalex.org/W3217753951","https://openalex.org/W4226320864","https://openalex.org/W4226474247","https://openalex.org/W4292448523","https://openalex.org/W4309891831","https://openalex.org/W4312323975","https://openalex.org/W4313166440","https://openalex.org/W4320180493","https://openalex.org/W4323362891","https://openalex.org/W4362496655","https://openalex.org/W4367625586","https://openalex.org/W4386573806","https://openalex.org/W4388873698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388873698","https://openalex.org/W4312323975","https://openalex.org/W4366393030","https://openalex.org/W4393226182","https://openalex.org/W6996466792","https://openalex.org/W2901057844","https://openalex.org/W4409872826","https://openalex.org/W7166590147","https://openalex.org/W7163992045","https://openalex.org/W4390403831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Laser":[1],"powder":[2],"bed":[3],"fusion":[4],"(LPBF)":[5],"is":[6,76,91,160],"a":[7,28,60,111],"popular":[8],"additive":[9],"manufacturing":[10,32],"process":[11,62,73,132,173,185,200,212],"with":[12,16],"many":[13],"advantages":[14],"compared":[15],"traditional":[17],"(subtractive)":[18],"manufacturing.":[19,56],"However,":[20],"ensuring":[21],"the":[22,31,37,43,70,88,95,117,123,128,135,138,142,170,176,184,191,211,216,239],"quality":[23],"of":[24,39,72,84,98,243],"LPBF":[25,55,65,130],"parts":[26],"remains":[27],"challenge":[29],"in":[30,64,69],"industry.":[33],"This":[34],"work":[35],"proposes":[36],"use":[38],"unsupervised":[40,230],"learning,":[41],"specifically,":[42],"k-means":[44,75,104],"clustering":[45],"method,":[46],"to":[47,81,93,109,115,146,168,214,236],"identify":[48,94],"unique":[49],"melt":[50,85,118,124,143,177,192,203,218,244],"pool":[51,119,125,144,178,193,204,219],"shapes":[52,194,205],"produced":[53,102],"during":[54],"Melt":[57],"pools":[58],"are":[59,105,195],"key":[61],"signature":[63],"and":[66,87,127,150,175,202,233,241],"can":[67,206],"assist":[68],"evaluation":[71],"quality.":[74,155],"employed":[77],"multiple":[78],"times":[79],"sequentially":[80],"produce":[82,215],"clusters":[83,101],"pools,":[86],"silhouette":[89],"value":[90],"used":[92,106],"optimal":[96],"number":[97],"clusters.":[99],"The":[100,156,197],"by":[103],"as":[107],"labels":[108],"train":[110],"deep":[112],"neural":[113,136,139,158],"network":[114,140,159],"classify":[116],"shapes.":[120,220],"By":[121],"inputting":[122],"image":[126],"corresponding":[129],"machine":[131,231],"parameters":[133,174,186,201,213],"into":[134,153],"network,":[137],"identifies":[141],"shape":[145],"aid":[147],"human":[148],"analysis":[149,240],"provide":[151],"insight":[152],"part":[154],"trained":[157],"interpreted":[161],"using":[162],"explainable":[163],"artificial":[164],"intelligence":[165],"(XAI)":[166],"methods":[167,235],"investigate":[169],"relationships":[171],"between":[172,199],"shape.":[179],"Using":[180],"layer-wise":[181],"relevance":[182],"propagation,":[183],"that":[187,228],"most":[188],"significantly":[189],"influence":[190],"identified.":[196],"relationship":[198],"be":[207],"useful":[208],"for":[209],"selecting":[210],"desired":[217],"In":[221],"summary,":[222],"this":[223],"study":[224],"describes":[225],"an":[226],"approach":[227],"combines":[229],"learning":[232],"XAI":[234],"effectively":[237],"enable":[238],"interpretation":[242],"pools.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2024-04-09T00:00:00"}
