{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394564243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386355","title":"A Comprehensive Study on Classification of Breast Cancer Histopathological Images: Binary Versus Multi-Category and Magnification-Specific Versus Magnification-Independent","display_name":"A Comprehensive Study on Classification of Breast Cancer Histopathological Images: Binary Versus Multi-Category and Magnification-Specific Versus Magnification-Independent","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394564243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3386355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386355","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10494743.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10494743.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059168242","display_name":"Shahram Taheri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-5565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-5565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098488","display_name":"Antalya Bilim \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/00yeyhb94","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100577","display_name":"Antalya Bilim University","ror":"https://ror.org/013sqra93","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100577"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahram Taheri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-5565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098488","https://openalex.org/I4210100577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087100646","display_name":"Zahra Golrizkhatami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-4561","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-4561"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098488","display_name":"Antalya Bilim \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/00yeyhb94","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100577","display_name":"Antalya Bilim University","ror":"https://ror.org/013sqra93","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100577"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahra Golrizkhatami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098488","https://openalex.org/I4210100577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009849052","display_name":"Ammar A. Basabrain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7907-237X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7907-237X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar A. Basabrain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7907-237X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022597155","display_name":"Mohannad S. Hazzazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6321-8248","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6321-8248"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohannad S. Hazzazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6321-8248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"apc_paid":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"fwci":3.6418,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9450715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"50431","last_page":"50443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer-diagnosis","display_name":"breast cancer diagnosis","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histopathology-image-classification","display_name":"histopathological image classification","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-feature-fusion","display_name":"multi-level feature fusion","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/densenet-121","display_name":"DenseNet121","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breakhis-dataset","display_name":"BreakHis dataset","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-aided-diagnosis","display_name":"computer-aided diagnosis","score":0.7950000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4144372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q675287","display_name":"Magnification","level":2,"score":0.9183434247970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5392656922340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.535233199596405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4915517270565033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48670461773872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4507383108139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Mammography","level":4,"score":0.4437185823917389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.4132170081138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2990548312664032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29860562086105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1800951063632965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3386355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386355","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10494743.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5fbcd5f7784f49d9926314c257ae0eb3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5fbcd5f7784f49d9926314c257ae0eb3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 50431-50443 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:http://acikerisim.antalya.edu.tr:20.500.12566/2360","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12566/2360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055351","display_name":"Antalya Bilim University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3386355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3386355","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10494743.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394564243.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394564243.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W300523764","https://openalex.org/W1580459528","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2058501113","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2155541015","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2175516850","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2344480160","https://openalex.org/W2554892747","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2609584387","https://openalex.org/W2637598222","https://openalex.org/W2716665989","https://openalex.org/W2737813497","https://openalex.org/W2737969950","https://openalex.org/W2750873433","https://openalex.org/W2771292748","https://openalex.org/W2774261157","https://openalex.org/W2794695869","https://openalex.org/W2795013683","https://openalex.org/W2801370692","https://openalex.org/W2801540580","https://openalex.org/W2810834525","https://openalex.org/W2883174304","https://openalex.org/W2884697329","https://openalex.org/W2892961888","https://openalex.org/W2894084084","https://openalex.org/W2895154596","https://openalex.org/W2899762210","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2977153525","https://openalex.org/W2998449599","https://openalex.org/W4283786398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415683777","https://openalex.org/W4281821782","https://openalex.org/W3131021614","https://openalex.org/W7222865743","https://openalex.org/W4382940213","https://openalex.org/W2998449599","https://openalex.org/W2609584387","https://openalex.org/W7125794519","https://openalex.org/W3044184639","https://openalex.org/W4327622658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,162],"millions":[2],"of":[3,14,27,43,74,116,132,154,196],"cancer":[4,11,55],"cases":[5],"worldwide":[6],"every":[7],"year,":[8],"and":[9,41,65,92,113,158,190],"breast":[10,54],"is":[12,149],"one":[13],"the":[15,20,39,75,95,105,110,143,152,155,165,175,182,186,197],"most":[16,195],"prevalent":[17],"diseases":[18],"with":[19,138],"highest":[21],"mortality":[22],"rate.":[23],"The":[24,101],"manual":[25],"effort":[26],"pathologists":[28],"can":[29],"be":[30],"significantly":[31],"reduced":[32],"by":[33],"computerized":[34],"diagnostic":[35],"systems,":[36,77],"which":[37],"improve":[38],"accuracy":[40],"reliability":[42],"diagnosis.":[44],"In":[45,72],"this":[46],"paper,":[47],"we":[48,78],"present":[49],"four":[50,58],"novel":[51],"systems":[52,184],"for":[53],"diagnosis":[56],"in":[57,194],"different":[59],"scenarios:":[60],"binary":[61],"versus":[62,68],"multi-class":[63],"classification":[64,114,118],"magnification-specific":[66],"(MS)":[67],"magnification-independent":[69],"(MI)":[70],"classification.":[71],"each":[73],"proposed":[76,156,183],"developed":[79],"an":[80,128],"automatic":[81,122,129],"score-level":[82,130],"fused":[83],"CNN":[84,107,166],"model":[85],"using":[86],"a":[87,120],"pretrained":[88,147],"deep":[89],"neural":[90],"network":[91],"named":[93],"it":[94],"Multi-Level":[96],"Feature":[97],"Fusion":[98],"(MLF2)":[99],"model.":[100],"MLF2-CNN,":[102,157],"similar":[103],"to":[104,141,164,168],"conventional":[106],"models,":[108],"integrates":[109],"feature":[111],"extraction":[112],"phases":[115],"BC":[117],"into":[119],"single":[121],"learning":[123],"procedure.":[124],"Additionally,":[125],"MLF2-CNN":[126],"performs":[127],"fusion":[131],"several":[133,159],"classifiers":[134],"that":[135,181],"were":[136],"trained":[137],"multi-level":[139],"features":[140,189],"make":[142],"final":[144],"decision.":[145],"A":[146],"DenseNet-121":[148],"selected":[150],"as":[151],"backbone":[153],"new":[160],"links":[161],"added":[163],"architecture":[167],"capture":[169,185],"multi-stage":[170],"features.":[171],"Several":[172],"experiments":[173],"on":[174],"publicly":[176],"available":[177],"BreakHis":[178],"dataset":[179],"demonstrate":[180],"best":[187],"descriptive":[188],"outperform":[191],"state-of-the-art":[192],"techniques":[193],"scenarios.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2024-04-09T00:00:00"}