{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393407165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss59072.2024.10480206","title":"Probing into the Fairness of Large Language Models: A Case Study of ChatGPT","display_name":"Probing into the Fairness of Large Language Models: A Case Study of ChatGPT","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393407165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss59072.2024.10480206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ciss59072.2024.10480206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss59072.2024.10480206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss59072.2024.10480206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418066","display_name":"Conference on Information Sciences and Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 58th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.18569","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039746321","display_name":"Yunqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5190-3037","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5190-3037","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1588-3953"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University,Department of Computer Science,NJ,US","Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, NJ, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University,Department of Computer Science,NJ,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, NJ, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046441324","display_name":"Lanjing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5436-887X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5436-887X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lanjing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University,Department of Chemical Biology,NJ,US","Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University,Department of Chemical Biology,NJ,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087294988","display_name":"Yongfeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9519-9774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9519-9774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rutgers University,Department of Computer Science,NJ,US","Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, NJ, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University,Department of Computer Science,NJ,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, NJ, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6541,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97337421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-fairness","display_name":"algorithmic fairness","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatgpt","display_name":"ChatGPT","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-fairness","display_name":"group fairness","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-fairness","display_name":"individual fairness","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-mitigation","display_name":"bias mitigation","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsible-ai","display_name":"responsible AI","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"criminology","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"health care","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6554936766624451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3301199674606323}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ciss59072.2024.10480206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss59072.2024.10480206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss59072.2024.10480206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418066","display_name":"Conference on Information Sciences and Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 58th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.18569","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18569","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.18569","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2305.18569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.18569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.18569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.18569","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18569","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.18569","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393407165.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393407165.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2599025709","https://openalex.org/W2785011159","https://openalex.org/W2788241675","https://openalex.org/W2943927551","https://openalex.org/W2952517774","https://openalex.org/W2969896603","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3092541244","https://openalex.org/W3202598875","https://openalex.org/W4288758404","https://openalex.org/W4289258088","https://openalex.org/W4316038168","https://openalex.org/W4317465472","https://openalex.org/W4318465318","https://openalex.org/W4360891289","https://openalex.org/W4362703233","https://openalex.org/W4366735819","https://openalex.org/W4385302663","https://openalex.org/W4385988359","https://openalex.org/W4386542364","https://openalex.org/W4394785778","https://openalex.org/W4401953659","https://openalex.org/W6850668563","https://openalex.org/W6852771111","https://openalex.org/W7133192941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378942580","https://openalex.org/W4415398275","https://openalex.org/W4400969772","https://openalex.org/W4410781953","https://openalex.org/W4403964993","https://openalex.org/W4386081102","https://openalex.org/W4411509099","https://openalex.org/W4393318216","https://openalex.org/W4416034919","https://openalex.org/W4402510556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"and":[1,21,51,74,86,120,129],"addressing":[2],"unfairness":[3],"in":[4,27,67,95],"LLMs":[5,32,54],"are":[6,131],"crucial":[7],"for":[8],"responsible":[9,125],"AI":[10,126],"deployment.":[11],"However,":[12],"there":[13],"is":[14],"a":[15,45,58,78,99,110],"limited":[16],"number":[17],"of":[18,48,53,101,113,124],"quantitative":[19],"analyses":[20],"in-depth":[22],"studies":[23],"regarding":[24],"fairness":[25,52,85,88,115],"evaluations":[26],"LLMs,":[28],"especially":[29],"when":[30],"applying":[31],"to":[33,39,109],"high-stakes":[34],"fields.":[35],"This":[36,106],"work":[37,107],"aims":[38],"fill":[40],"this":[41],"gap":[42],"by":[43],"providing":[44],"systematic":[46],"evaluation":[47],"the":[49,93,122],"effectiveness":[50],"using":[55],"ChatGPT":[56],"as":[57],"study":[59],"case.":[60],"We":[61,90],"focus":[62],"on":[63,133],"assessing":[64],"ChatGPT\u2019s":[65,96],"performance":[66],"high-takes":[68],"fields":[69],"including":[70],"education,":[71],"criminology,":[72],"finance":[73],"healthcare.":[75],"To":[76],"conduct":[77],"thorough":[79],"evaluation,":[80],"we":[81],"consider":[82],"both":[83],"group":[84],"individual":[87],"metrics.":[89],"also":[91],"observe":[92],"disparities":[94],"outputs":[97],"under":[98],"set":[100],"biased":[102],"or":[103],"unbiased":[104],"prompts.":[105],"contributes":[108],"deeper":[111],"understanding":[112],"LLMs\u2019":[114],"performance,":[116],"facilitates":[117],"bias":[118],"mitigation":[119],"fosters":[121],"development":[123],"systems.":[127],"Code":[128],"data":[130],"open-sourced":[132],"GitHub1.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-04-03T00:00:00"}