{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393385909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","title":"Petitions for Extreme Risk Protection Orders and Second Amendment Sanctuary Status in Colorado","display_name":"Petitions for Extreme Risk Protection Orders and Second Amendment Sanctuary Status in Colorado","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393385909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38558140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","pdf_url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2816780/knoepke_2024_oi_240190_1710953586.98432.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217848","display_name":"JAMA Network Open","issn_l":"2574-3805","issn":["2574-3805"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA Network Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2816780/knoepke_2024_oi_240190_1710953586.98432.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038401226","display_name":"Christopher E. Knoepke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-7157","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-7157"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher E. Knoepke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research & Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research & Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032663244","display_name":"Leslie M. Barnard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-607X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-607X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151808059","display_name":"Colorado School of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005x9g035","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151808059"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leslie M. Barnard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora","Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151808059","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151808059","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059300460","display_name":"Nisha Batta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0239-8054","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0239-8054"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151808059","display_name":"Colorado School of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005x9g035","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151808059"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nisha Batta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151808059","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058703943","display_name":"Megan J. McCarthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1415-8461","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1415-8461"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151808059","display_name":"Colorado School of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005x9g035","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151808059"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megan McCarthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora","Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151808059","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151808059","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094298916","display_name":"Kimberly Thies","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151808059","display_name":"Colorado School of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005x9g035","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151808059"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly Thies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151808059","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094298917","display_name":"Christian Olivencia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Olivencia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research & Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research & Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Caitlin Robinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151808059","display_name":"Colorado School of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005x9g035","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151808059"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caitlin Robinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151808059","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030779276","display_name":"Shalyn Kettering","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shalyn Kettering","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado Office of the Attorney General, Denver, Colorado"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado Office of the Attorney General, Denver, Colorado","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081140696","display_name":"Sheila M. Huss","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheila Huss","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado, Denver"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado, Denver","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074530509","display_name":"Marian E. Betz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1643-6565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1643-6565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151808059","display_name":"Colorado School of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/005x9g035","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151808059"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51713134","display_name":"University of Colorado Anschutz","ror":"https://ror.org/03wmf1y16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marian E. Betz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora","Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Firearm Injury Prevention Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Injury and Violence Prevention Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine and University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151808059","https://openalex.org/I51713134"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038401226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51713134","https://openalex.org/I921990950"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"fwci":3.4622,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92480868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"e244381","last_page":"e244381"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11678","display_name":"Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-risk-protection-orders","display_name":"extreme risk protection orders","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gun-violence-prevention","display_name":"gun violence prevention","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firearm-access-restrictions","display_name":"firearm access restrictions","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors for violence","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinations","display_name":"hallucinations","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-abuse","display_name":"substance abuse","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-encounters","display_name":"police encounters","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colorado","display_name":"Colorado","score":0.4189999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gun-policy","display_name":"gun policy","score":0.45100000500679016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179576951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7178436","display_name":"Petitioner","level":3,"score":0.7956870794296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.6517393589019775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776640315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315941","display_name":"Respondent","level":2,"score":0.6416800618171692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.574759840965271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5631288290023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4635644853115082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.4258705675601959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3612593710422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.21604594588279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17609623074531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.0803658664226532}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003120","descriptor_name":"Colorado","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003120","descriptor_name":"Colorado","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003120","descriptor_name":"Colorado","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003120","descriptor_name":"Colorado","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003120","descriptor_name":"Colorado","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003120","descriptor_name":"Colorado","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","pdf_url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2816780/knoepke_2024_oi_240190_1710953586.98432.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217848","display_name":"JAMA Network Open","issn_l":"2574-3805","issn":["2574-3805"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA Network Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38558140","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38558140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA network open","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10985551","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10985551","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JAMA Netw Open","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4381","pdf_url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2816780/knoepke_2024_oi_240190_1710953586.98432.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210217848","display_name":"JAMA Network Open","issn_l":"2574-3805","issn":["2574-3805"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA Network Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.4043000042438507,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G902956513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K23HL153892","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393385909.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393385909.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2936713350","https://openalex.org/W2969436662","https://openalex.org/W2972109125","https://openalex.org/W3036762735","https://openalex.org/W3037196237","https://openalex.org/W3118728259","https://openalex.org/W3167050149","https://openalex.org/W3207917816","https://openalex.org/W4232480603","https://openalex.org/W4233607132","https://openalex.org/W4280507930","https://openalex.org/W4306655756","https://openalex.org/W4367047842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2185282613","https://openalex.org/W3111956636","https://openalex.org/W15792050","https://openalex.org/W2186386371","https://openalex.org/W3122369900","https://openalex.org/W4226296413","https://openalex.org/W2269340232","https://openalex.org/W2500523053","https://openalex.org/W4251228289","https://openalex.org/W2799478049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Importance:":[0],"Extreme":[1],"risk":[2,13,50,123,185,294],"protection":[3],"orders":[4],"(ERPOs)":[5],"temporarily":[6],"bar":[7],"individuals":[8,315],"adjudicated":[9],"as":[10],"being":[11],"at":[12,52,122],"of":[14,82,124,177,208,249,254,269,274,286,301,319,335,344],"violence":[15,126,184,320],"(including":[16],"suicide)":[17],"from":[18,93,161],"buying":[19],"or":[20,173],"possessing":[21],"firearms.":[22],"In":[23,332],"protest,":[24],"many":[25],"US":[26],"jurisdictions":[27],"have":[28,242,262,308],"declared":[29],"themselves":[30],"\"Second":[31],"Amendment":[32],"sanctuaries\"":[33],"(2A":[34],"sanctuaries).":[35],"Many":[36],"2A":[37,67,205,210,282,289,312,348,382],"sanctuaries":[38,290,313],"continue":[39],"to":[40,96,241,261,365,404],"use":[41],"ERPOs":[42,63,89,197,221,226,307,393],"in":[43,66,91,147,199,204,235,281,288,311,347,357,381,391,400],"low":[44],"numbers,":[45],"suggesting":[46],"a":[47,134,157,194,223,342],"poorly":[48],"defined":[49,156],"threshold":[51],"which":[53,62,392],"they":[54],"are":[55,64,362,394],"acceptable.":[56],"Objective:":[57],"To":[58],"characterize":[59],"circumstances":[60,387],"under":[61],"used":[65],"sanctuaries,":[68],"highlighting":[69],"their":[70],"most":[71],"broadly":[72],"acceptable":[73,396],"applications.":[74],"Design,":[75],"Setting,":[76],"and":[77,116,140,151,164,187,216,260,304,326,330,360,373],"Participants:":[78],"This":[79],"cross-sectional":[80],"study":[81,103],"civil":[83],"court":[84],"documents":[85],"analyzed":[86,132],"petitions":[87,100,111,163,211,337,356,361],"for":[88,230,323],"filed":[90,112,146,198,244],"Colorado":[92],"January":[94,138],"2020":[95,139],"December":[97],"2022.":[98],"All":[99],"during":[101],"the":[102,128],"period":[104],"were":[105,131,159,212,218,228,238],"included":[106],"following":[107],"de-duplication.":[108],"These":[109,385],"include":[110],"by":[113,231,245],"law":[114,174,232,246,351,377],"enforcement":[115,247,352,378],"family":[117],"members":[118],"against":[119,314],"adults":[120],"allegedly":[121],"firearm":[125],"across":[127,338],"state.":[129],"Data":[130],"on":[133],"rolling":[135],"basis":[136],"between":[137],"June":[141],"2023.":[142],"Exposure:":[143],"ERPO":[144,336],"petition":[145],"Colorado.":[148],"Main":[149],"Outcomes":[150],"Measures:":[152],"Seventy-seven":[153],"data":[154],"elements":[155],"priori":[158],"abstracted":[160,322],"all":[162,317],"case":[165,188,386],"files,":[166],"including":[167,296],"respondent":[168],"demographics,":[169],"petitioner":[170],"types":[171,176],"(family":[172],"enforcement),":[175],"threats":[178],"(self,":[179],"other,":[180],"mass":[181,327],"violence,":[182],"combination),":[183],"factors,":[186],"outcomes":[189],"(granted,":[190],"denied).":[191],"Results:":[192],"Of":[193],"total":[195],"338":[196],"Colorado,":[200,339],"126":[201,255,275],"(37.3%)":[202],"occurred":[203,346],"sanctuaries.":[206,283,349],"Sixty-one":[207],"these":[209,358],"granted":[213,267,310],"emergency":[214,265],"orders,":[215],"40":[217,253],"full":[219],"1-year":[220],"after":[222],"hearing.":[224],"Forty":[225],"(31.7%)":[227],"petitioned":[229],"enforcement.":[233],"Petitions":[234],"non-2A":[236],"counties":[237],"more":[239,340],"likely":[240,364],"been":[243,309],"(138":[248],"227":[250,270],"[64.9%]":[251],"vs":[252,272],"[31.7%];":[256],"P":[257,277],"<":[258,278],".001)":[259,279],"had":[263],"an":[264,395],"order":[266],"(177":[268],"[78.0%]":[271],"61":[273],"[48.4%];":[276],"than":[280,341],"Qualitative":[284],"analysis":[285],"cases":[287],"revealed":[291],"common":[292],"aggravating":[293],"characteristics,":[295],"respondents":[297],"experiencing":[298],"hallucinations,":[299],"histories":[300],"police":[302],"interaction,":[303],"substance":[305,371],"misuse.":[306],"threatening":[316],"forms":[318],"we":[321],"(themselves,":[324],"others,":[325],"violence).":[328],"Conclusions":[329],"Relevance:":[331],"this":[333],"examination":[334],"third":[343],"filings":[345],"Nonetheless,":[350],"represent":[353],"proportionately":[354],"fewer":[355],"areas,":[359],"less":[363],"be":[366],"granted.":[367],"Serious":[368],"mental":[369],"illness,":[370],"misuse,":[372],"prior":[374],"interactions":[375],"with":[376],"featured":[379],"prominently":[380],"sanctuary":[383],"petitions.":[384],"highlight":[388],"dangerous":[389],"situations":[390],"risk-prevention":[397],"tool,":[398],"even":[399],"areas":[401],"politically":[402],"predisposed":[403],"opposing":[405],"them.":[406]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
