{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393131200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","title":"Unravelling the NEET phenomenon: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of risk factors for youth not in education, employment, or training","display_name":"Unravelling the NEET phenomenon: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of risk factors for youth not in education, employment, or training","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393131200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764621347","display_name":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth","issn_l":"0267-3843","issn":["0267-3843","2164-4527"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088296918","display_name":"Hamed Rahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7002-3433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7002-3433"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Rahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department is Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, School of Business and Economics of Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7002-3433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department is Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, School of Business and Economics of Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028045262","display_name":"Wim  N. J. Groot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-5916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-5916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wim Groot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department is Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, School of Business and Economics of Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department is Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, School of Business and Economics of Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031519523","display_name":"Amir Mohammad Rahmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3469-131X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3469-131X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Mohammad Rahmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department is Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, School of Business and Economics of Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3469-131X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department is Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, School of Business and Economics of Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088296918"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1226},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1226},"fwci":4.9595,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96932515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12714","display_name":"Youth Education and Societal Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12714","display_name":"Youth Education and Societal Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13207","display_name":"Youth Substance Use and School Attendance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13929","display_name":"Educational Outcomes and Influences","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neet-youth","display_name":"NEET youth","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/not-in-education-employment-or-training","display_name":"not in education, employment or training","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-risk","display_name":"suicide risk","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-behavior","display_name":"criminal behavior","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-disparities","display_name":"gender disparities","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-factors","display_name":"socioeconomic factors","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-factors","display_name":"family factors","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-related-factors","display_name":"health factors","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/youth-intervention","display_name":"youth intervention","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.8079656362533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6068368554115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.5758598446846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5615522265434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34127241373062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.17362508177757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08242493867874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08181002736091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764621347","display_name":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth","issn_l":"0267-3843","issn":["0267-3843","2164-4527"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/8cd58853-f346-4851-af17-b440cf773aeb","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/8cd58853-f346-4851-af17-b440cf773aeb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Rahmani, H, Groot, W & Rahmani, A M 2024, 'Unravelling the NEET phenomenon : a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of risk factors for youth not in education, employment, or training', International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, vol. 29, no. 1, 2331576. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e7b6cf8165148369d1f32eccbb96830","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e7b6cf8165148369d1f32eccbb96830","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, Vol 29, Iss 1 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2024.2331576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764621347","display_name":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth","issn_l":"0267-3843","issn":["0267-3843","2164-4527"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600048433","https://openalex.org/W1993420861","https://openalex.org/W2019100498","https://openalex.org/W2021110277","https://openalex.org/W2025550952","https://openalex.org/W2038793098","https://openalex.org/W2102975753","https://openalex.org/W2104834505","https://openalex.org/W2117038592","https://openalex.org/W2127550345","https://openalex.org/W2132516360","https://openalex.org/W2134558172","https://openalex.org/W2134793596","https://openalex.org/W2170299138","https://openalex.org/W2291236590","https://openalex.org/W2322446927","https://openalex.org/W2492735239","https://openalex.org/W2493838281","https://openalex.org/W2567267188","https://openalex.org/W2581814692","https://openalex.org/W2588947541","https://openalex.org/W2731730351","https://openalex.org/W2752740211","https://openalex.org/W2758423883","https://openalex.org/W2770196142","https://openalex.org/W2773875894","https://openalex.org/W2781685402","https://openalex.org/W2796081823","https://openalex.org/W2801043506","https://openalex.org/W2807178787","https://openalex.org/W2894083957","https://openalex.org/W2896086778","https://openalex.org/W2898258552","https://openalex.org/W2898575422","https://openalex.org/W2900125678","https://openalex.org/W2905452787","https://openalex.org/W2907985153","https://openalex.org/W2908905181","https://openalex.org/W2912083297","https://openalex.org/W2921059721","https://openalex.org/W2923713244","https://openalex.org/W2936070584","https://openalex.org/W2941435498","https://openalex.org/W2945552349","https://openalex.org/W2946387094","https://openalex.org/W2946755641","https://openalex.org/W2947569999","https://openalex.org/W2951783100","https://openalex.org/W2966547172","https://openalex.org/W2977520101","https://openalex.org/W2981050351","https://openalex.org/W2981343317","https://openalex.org/W2988788009","https://openalex.org/W2999469997","https://openalex.org/W3011923955","https://openalex.org/W3018962149","https://openalex.org/W3020636952","https://openalex.org/W3028774080","https://openalex.org/W3045811388","https://openalex.org/W3088632584","https://openalex.org/W3107157956","https://openalex.org/W3124867321","https://openalex.org/W3146142859","https://openalex.org/W3199765627","https://openalex.org/W3203891474","https://openalex.org/W3204715438","https://openalex.org/W4200358910","https://openalex.org/W4210555978","https://openalex.org/W4212811637","https://openalex.org/W4213173140","https://openalex.org/W4220937743","https://openalex.org/W4223476753","https://openalex.org/W4281679267","https://openalex.org/W4378386267","https://openalex.org/W4379057104","https://openalex.org/W4406334851"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379057104","https://openalex.org/W7128424099","https://openalex.org/W4414933277","https://openalex.org/W4405624970","https://openalex.org/W4403580440","https://openalex.org/W4389763125","https://openalex.org/W4392444913","https://openalex.org/W4200358910","https://openalex.org/W4234488675","https://openalex.org/W118918253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"systematic":[1],"review":[2],"and":[3,46,63,69,74,105,152],"meta-analysis":[4],"examines":[5],"the":[6,49,128,136],"factors":[7],"contributing":[8],"to":[9,53,135,149],"NEET":[10,61,87,140],"(Not":[11],"in":[12,29],"Education,":[13],"Employment,":[14],"or":[15],"Training)":[16],"status":[17,62],"among":[18],"youth.":[19,141],"We":[20,56],"identify":[21],"43":[22],"studies":[23],"that":[24,86],"meet":[25],"our":[26],"inclusion":[27],"criteria":[28],"Scopus,":[30],"PsycINFO,":[31],"ERIC,":[32],"British":[33],"Education":[34],"Index,":[35,39,42],"Social":[36],"Science":[37],"Citation":[38],"Conference":[40],"Proceedings":[41],"IEEE":[43],"Xplore,":[44],"SpringerLink,":[45],"ScienceDirect,":[47],"covering":[48],"period":[50],"from":[51],"2010":[52],"October":[54],"2023.":[55],"find":[57],"significant":[58],"associations":[59],"between":[60],"various":[64],"demographic,":[65],"familial,":[66],"educational,":[67],"socio-economic,":[68],"health-related":[70],"factors.":[71],"Gender-specific":[72],"disparities":[73],"evolving":[75],"trends":[76],"within":[77],"distinct":[78],"demographic":[79],"cohorts":[80],"are":[81],"revealed.":[82],"Our":[83],"findings":[84,126],"highlight":[85],"is":[88],"associated":[89],"with":[90],"a":[91,122],"higher":[92,113],"suicide":[93],"risk":[94],"(OR":[95,101,108,116],"=":[96,102,109,117],"2.8,":[97],"1.8\u20133.8),":[98],"criminal":[99],"behaviour":[100],"2.06,":[103],"1.47\u20132.65),":[104],"unemployment":[106],"experience":[107],"1.98,":[110],"0.72\u20133.25),":[111],"while":[112],"education":[114],"levels":[115],"0.81,":[118],"0.67\u20130.95)":[119],"act":[120],"as":[121],"protective":[123],"factor.":[124],"These":[125],"underscore":[127],"urgent":[129],"need":[130],"for":[131],"comprehensive":[132],"interventions":[133],"tailored":[134],"challenges":[137],"faced":[138],"by":[139],"Future":[142],"research":[143],"should":[144],"explore":[145],"these":[146],"relationships":[147],"further":[148],"inform":[150],"policy":[151],"practice":[153],"effectively.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-03-25T00:00:00"}