{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392882011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119555278.ch2","title":"The Three Rs","display_name":"The Three Rs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392882011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119555278.ch2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781119555278.ch2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119555278.ch2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119555278.ch2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464293","display_name":"Wiley eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals","raw_type":"other"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392882419","display_name":"The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009153480","display_name":"Adrian J. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8375-0805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8375-0805"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045599719","display_name":"Jon Richmond","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Richmond","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7159,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81825866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10838","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14206","display_name":"Animal Law and Welfare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3rs","display_name":"3Rs","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-welfare-in-research","display_name":"animal welfare in research","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-numbers","display_name":"animal numbers","score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/culture-of-care","display_name":"culture of care","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-protection-law","display_name":"animal protection law","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-testing","display_name":"regulatory testing","score":0.6159999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2826703190803528}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/9781119555278.ch2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119555278.ch2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119555278.ch2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306464293","display_name":"Wiley eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals","raw_type":"other"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W223176005","https://openalex.org/W1163538971","https://openalex.org/W1251710288","https://openalex.org/W1421113921","https://openalex.org/W1499983431","https://openalex.org/W1547475046","https://openalex.org/W1584682911","https://openalex.org/W1655460658","https://openalex.org/W1984809704","https://openalex.org/W1987777080","https://openalex.org/W1992062846","https://openalex.org/W1994433943","https://openalex.org/W1999420957","https://openalex.org/W2005686804","https://openalex.org/W2016499588","https://openalex.org/W2038304359","https://openalex.org/W2042591787","https://openalex.org/W2051362749","https://openalex.org/W2052630371","https://openalex.org/W2054939434","https://openalex.org/W2063336062","https://openalex.org/W2069639790","https://openalex.org/W2071424589","https://openalex.org/W2078662547","https://openalex.org/W2080315083","https://openalex.org/W2085329742","https://openalex.org/W2110556980","https://openalex.org/W2111668011","https://openalex.org/W2114384235","https://openalex.org/W2124775657","https://openalex.org/W2127547519","https://openalex.org/W2129787793","https://openalex.org/W2132556925","https://openalex.org/W2137406596","https://openalex.org/W2142336651","https://openalex.org/W2168462420","https://openalex.org/W2277919246","https://openalex.org/W2316223726","https://openalex.org/W2373100661","https://openalex.org/W2409426542","https://openalex.org/W2502443871","https://openalex.org/W2524430453","https://openalex.org/W2537901997","https://openalex.org/W2553434692","https://openalex.org/W2553811487","https://openalex.org/W2572938722","https://openalex.org/W2743663128","https://openalex.org/W2745159723","https://openalex.org/W2766574891","https://openalex.org/W2771036474","https://openalex.org/W2785020920","https://openalex.org/W2791403374","https://openalex.org/W2803768140","https://openalex.org/W2899633401","https://openalex.org/W2901694253","https://openalex.org/W2945894302","https://openalex.org/W3049711239","https://openalex.org/W3098896458","https://openalex.org/W3143104458","https://openalex.org/W3205712730","https://openalex.org/W4200481272","https://openalex.org/W4231165371","https://openalex.org/W4254014077","https://openalex.org/W4299732460"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172767978","https://openalex.org/W7097276141","https://openalex.org/W223176005","https://openalex.org/W4410498676","https://openalex.org/W2439255536","https://openalex.org/W2011376424","https://openalex.org/W7098195278","https://openalex.org/W2479989297","https://openalex.org/W4248803933","https://openalex.org/W2042611062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"chapter":[1],"provides":[2],"a":[3],"contemporary":[4],"overview":[5],"of":[6,12,34,61,73,80,82,100,119,126],"the":[7,32,59,78,124,140],"principles,":[8],"art":[9],"and":[10,23,29,37,52,58,65,87,91,95,108,131],"practice":[11],"humane":[13],"experimental":[14,90,130],"technique":[15],"as":[16,42,71],"it":[17],"has":[18],"evolved":[19],"since":[20],"William":[21],"Russell":[22,28],"Rex":[24],"Burch's":[25],"landmark":[26],"publication.":[27],"Burch":[30],"championed":[31],"principles":[33],"Replacement,":[35],"Reduction":[36,67],"Refinement,":[38],"now":[39],"universally":[40],"known":[41],"\u2018the":[43],"Three":[44,141],"Rs\u2019.":[45],"Replacement":[46],"is":[47,68,135],"especially":[48],"relevant":[49],"to":[50,137],"fundamental":[51],"applied":[53],"biomedical":[54],"research,":[55],"regulatory":[56],"testing":[57],"use":[60],"animals":[62,110,127],"in":[63],"education":[64],"training.":[66],"better":[69],"considered":[70],"optimisation":[72],"animal":[74,84],"numbers.":[75],"Refinement":[76],"improves":[77],"quality":[79],"life":[81],"every":[83,98],"bred,":[85],"kept":[86],"used":[88,128],"for":[89,111,123,129],"other":[92,132],"scientific":[93,112,133],"purposes,":[94],"potentially":[96],"benefits":[97],"programme":[99],"work":[101],"using":[102,109],"live":[103],"animals.":[104],"Institutions":[105],"breeding,":[106],"supplying":[107],"purposes":[113,134],"must":[114],"display":[115],"an":[116],"appropriate":[117],"\u2018culture":[118],"care\u2019.":[120],"National":[121],"legislation":[122],"protection":[125],"important":[136],"ensure":[138],"that":[139],"Rs":[142],"are":[143],"given":[144],"due":[145],"consideration.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2024-03-17T00:00:00"}