{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392811557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117","title":"Energy-Based Models with Applications to Speech and Language Processing","display_name":"Energy-Based Models with Applications to Speech and Language Processing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392811557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/2000000117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123473935","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-8346","issn":["1932-8346","1932-8354"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575","https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers","Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010173604","display_name":"Zhijian Ou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-5074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9018-5074"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ou Zhijian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, , ,","Tsinghua University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010173604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4465,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60497742,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1-2","first_page":"1","last_page":"199"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.7860999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.7860999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.14980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-based-models","display_name":"energy-based models","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undirected-graphical-models","display_name":"undirected graphical models","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-fields","display_name":"random fields","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network-parameterization","display_name":"neural network parameterization","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-methods","display_name":"sampling methods","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-algorithms","display_name":"learning algorithms","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-modeling","display_name":"language modeling","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"speech recognition","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"sequence labeling","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-generation","display_name":"text generation","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"semi-supervised learning","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-understanding","display_name":"natural language understanding","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marginal-distributions","display_name":"marginal distributions","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-distributions","display_name":"conditional distributions","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-probability-distribution","display_name":"joint probability distribution","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequential-data","display_name":"sequential data","score":0.7910000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6884469389915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.6272836923599243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5476989150047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.5285773873329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5102486610412598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.5036515593528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4825422167778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.4583977162837982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.4474734961986542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.41048741340637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.3645683228969574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35095277428627014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32095348834991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1361410915851593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.08012247085571289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1561/2000000117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123473935","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-8346","issn":["1932-8346","1932-8354"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575","https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers","Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2403.10961","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2403.10961","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.10961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2403.10961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.10961","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2403.10961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1561/2000000117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1561/2000000117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S123473935","display_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Signal Processing","issn_l":"1932-8346","issn":["1932-8346","1932-8354"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318575","host_organization_name":"Now Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318575","https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Now Publishers","Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3304744246","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3540909201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61473168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322392","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329777","display_name":"Beijing National Research Center For Information Science And Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02tcm9e24"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":197,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117849194","https://openalex.org/W189596042","https://openalex.org/W195465510","https://openalex.org/W648786980","https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W1501203061","https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1513861746","https://openalex.org/W1520448186","https://openalex.org/W1524172054","https://openalex.org/W1530235965","https://openalex.org/W1539309091","https://openalex.org/W1566289585","https://openalex.org/W1568229137","https://openalex.org/W1591801644","https://openalex.org/W1607198972","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1723619723","https://openalex.org/W1828163288","https://openalex.org/W1840847274","https://openalex.org/W1895481600","https://openalex.org/W1899794420","https://openalex.org/W1934019294","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1970689298","https://openalex.org/W1973575289","https://openalex.org/W1983452151","https://openalex.org/W1984635093","https://openalex.org/W1990005915","https://openalex.org/W1993845689","https://openalex.org/W2016589492","https://openalex.org/W2027442454","https://openalex.org/W2043285245","https://openalex.org/W2047978125","https://openalex.org/W2080018251","https://openalex.org/W2083380015","https://openalex.org/W2089657469","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2099057450","https://openalex.org/W2104917081","https://openalex.org/W2105577021","https://openalex.org/W2108501770","https://openalex.org/W2111305191","https://openalex.org/W2111316763","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2116825644","https://openalex.org/W2117497855","https://openalex.org/W2125937262","https://openalex.org/W2126131681","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2134963415","https://openalex.org/W2135973421","https://openalex.org/W2136504847","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2137871902","https://openalex.org/W2138204974","https://openalex.org/W2142859603","https://openalex.org/W2144193737","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2152790380","https://openalex.org/W2156346614","https://openalex.org/W2156615793","https://openalex.org/W2157171712","https://openalex.org/W2158188757","https://openalex.org/W2158195707","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2160842254","https://openalex.org/W2163614729","https://openalex.org/W2164700406","https://openalex.org/W2165644552","https://openalex.org/W2167433878","https://openalex.org/W2167717037","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2171928131","https://openalex.org/W2174347333","https://openalex.org/W2176263492","https://openalex.org/W2185528074","https://openalex.org/W2226111737","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251519907","https://openalex.org/W2272361785","https://openalex.org/W2289760663","https://openalex.org/W2293997542","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2311132329","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2416272112","https://openalex.org/W2492827599","https://openalex.org/W2512007918","https://openalex.org/W2514741789","https://openalex.org/W2516255829","https://openalex.org/W2516932417","https://openalex.org/W2521736912","https://openalex.org/W2527798464","https://openalex.org/W2567948266","https://openalex.org/W2608339501","https://openalex.org/W2619371851","https://openalex.org/W2626967530","https://openalex.org/W2748816379","https://openalex.org/W2785442381","https://openalex.org/W2785443624","https://openalex.org/W2805470269","https://openalex.org/W2808144808","https://openalex.org/W2808939837","https://openalex.org/W2883416004","https://openalex.org/W2887386238","https://openalex.org/W2890487780","https://openalex.org/W2891602716","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2898922131","https://openalex.org/W2913129712","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2936695845","https://openalex.org/W2937808806","https://openalex.org/W2938704169","https://openalex.org/W2939297570","https://openalex.org/W2948978827","https://openalex.org/W2951970475","https://openalex.org/W2952229419","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2952613254","https://openalex.org/W2953070460","https://openalex.org/W2962736473","https://openalex.org/W2962902328","https://openalex.org/W2963211739","https://openalex.org/W2963242190","https://openalex.org/W2963250052","https://openalex.org/W2963373786","https://openalex.org/W2963620441","https://openalex.org/W2963640903","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963795358","https://openalex.org/W2964147652","https://openalex.org/W2964159205","https://openalex.org/W2964335397","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2966746916","https://openalex.org/W2972427545","https://openalex.org/W2979473621","https://openalex.org/W2993466051","https://openalex.org/W3001197829","https://openalex.org/W3004970274","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3015678144","https://openalex.org/W3016164858","https://openalex.org/W3018305985","https://openalex.org/W3033411150","https://openalex.org/W3091044728","https://openalex.org/W3096396467","https://openalex.org/W3098807778","https://openalex.org/W3099082121","https://openalex.org/W3103005696","https://openalex.org/W3106061119","https://openalex.org/W3124120397","https://openalex.org/W3136198447","https://openalex.org/W3147467675","https://openalex.org/W3150425637","https://openalex.org/W3156622799","https://openalex.org/W3169733862","https://openalex.org/W3172148458","https://openalex.org/W3178974642","https://openalex.org/W3212379292","https://openalex.org/W4206075090","https://openalex.org/W4206192903","https://openalex.org/W4226067822","https://openalex.org/W4226161842","https://openalex.org/W4237284205","https://openalex.org/W4237840503","https://openalex.org/W4253573210","https://openalex.org/W4285304933","https://openalex.org/W4287021360","https://openalex.org/W4287125387","https://openalex.org/W4287599777","https://openalex.org/W4287824654","https://openalex.org/W4287997702","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4288334893","https://openalex.org/W4291566970","https://openalex.org/W4292696750","https://openalex.org/W4293052541","https://openalex.org/W4293541669","https://openalex.org/W4293932493","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4296070361","https://openalex.org/W4297841336","https://openalex.org/W4299496934","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W4320460338","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385823302","https://openalex.org/W4387547381","https://openalex.org/W4392902678","https://openalex.org/W7133199979","https://openalex.org/W7133210101","https://openalex.org/W7133241774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962906565","https://openalex.org/W2798423868","https://openalex.org/W3027026357","https://openalex.org/W3015678144","https://openalex.org/W3126392069","https://openalex.org/W2076440176","https://openalex.org/W2109665237","https://openalex.org/W2061027419","https://openalex.org/W2944198262","https://openalex.org/W3136048405"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy-Based":[0],"Models":[1],"(EBMs)":[2],"are":[3,20,91,224],"an":[4],"important":[5],"class":[6],"of":[7,87,107,127,231,241,263,266],"probabilistic":[8,30],"models,":[9,39,138,166],"also":[10,63,111],"known":[11],"as":[12,33,68],"random":[13],"fields":[14],"and":[15,22,44,75,81,101,109,115,143,147,175,208,254,268,270,276,301],"undirected":[16],"graphical":[17],"models.":[18,304],"EBMs":[19,51,96,198,213,236,258],"un-normalized":[21],"thus":[23],"radically":[24],"different":[25,118,201],"from":[26,58,64,119,179],"other":[27],"popular":[28],"self-normalized":[29],"models":[31,36,168],"such":[32,67],"hidden":[34],"Markov":[35],"(HMMs),":[37],"autoregressive":[38],"generative":[40],"adversarial":[41],"nets":[42],"(GANs)":[43],"variational":[45],"auto-encoders":[46],"(VAEs).":[47],"During":[48],"these":[49],"years,":[50],"have":[52],"attracted":[53],"increasing":[54],"interest":[55],"not":[56],"only":[57],"core":[59],"machine":[60],"learning":[61,177,182,275],"but":[62],"application":[65],"domains":[66],"speech,":[69],"vision,":[70],"natural":[71,278],"language":[72,102,110,148,220,279],"processing":[73,120],"(NLP)":[74],"so":[76],"on,":[77],"with":[78,97,217,227,247,296],"significant":[79],"theoretical":[80],"algorithmic":[82,141],"progress.":[83],"To":[84],"the":[85,180,185,228,291,297],"best":[86],"our":[88],"knowledge,":[89],"there":[90],"no":[92],"review":[93],"papers":[94],"about":[95],"applications":[98,144,218,248,272],"to":[99,131,136,184,196,289,293],"speech":[100,108,146,250],"processing.":[103],"The":[104,125,189],"sequential":[105,215],"nature":[106],"presents":[112],"special":[113],"challenges":[114],"needs":[116],"treatment":[117],"fix-dimensional":[121],"data":[122,216],"(e.g.,":[123],"images).":[124],"purpose":[126],"this":[128],"monograph":[129],"is":[130,151],"present":[132,194],"a":[133,232],"systematic":[134],"introduction":[135],"energy-based":[137,303],"including":[139,164],"both":[140,264],"progress":[142],"in":[145,199,219,249,273],"processing,":[149],"which":[150],"organized":[152],"into":[153],"four":[154],"main":[155],"sections.":[156],"First,":[157],"we":[158,223,283],"will":[159,193,284],"introduce":[160,285],"basics":[161],"for":[162,204,214,237,259,299],"EBMs,":[163],"classic":[165,181],"recent":[167],"parameterized":[169],"by":[170],"neural":[171],"networks,":[172],"sampling":[173],"methods,":[174],"various":[176],"methods":[178],"algorithms":[183],"most":[186],"advanced":[187],"ones.":[188],"next":[190],"three":[191,200],"sections":[192],"how":[195],"apply":[197],"scenarios,":[202],"i.e.,":[203],"modeling":[205,238,260],"marginal,":[206],"conditional":[207,239],"joint":[209,261],"distributions,":[210],"respectively.":[211],"1)":[212],"modeling,":[221],"where":[222],"mainly":[225],"concerned":[226],"marginal":[229],"distribution":[230],"sequence":[233,252],"itself;":[234],"2)":[235],"distributions":[240,262],"target":[242],"sequences":[243,265],"given":[244],"observation":[245],"sequences,":[246],"recognition,":[251],"labeling":[253],"text":[255],"generation;":[256],"3)":[257],"observations":[267],"targets,":[269],"their":[271],"semi-supervised":[274],"calibrated":[277],"understanding.":[280],"In":[281],"addition,":[282],"some":[286],"open-source":[287],"toolkits":[288],"help":[290],"readers":[292],"get":[294],"familiar":[295],"techniques":[298],"developing":[300],"applying":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
