{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392632273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","title":"Analysis of in-vehicle air quality and load factor as environmental and social dimensions of sustainable urban mobility: A case study from Kathmandu valley, Nepal","display_name":"Analysis of in-vehicle air quality and load factor as environmental and social dimensions of sustainable urban mobility: A case study from Kathmandu valley, Nepal","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392632273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205527","display_name":"Journal of Air Pollution and Health","issn_l":"2476-3071","issn":["2476-3071"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Pollution and Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006345166","display_name":"Pooja Bhusal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3585-7499","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3585-7499"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pooja Bhusal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038482208","display_name":"Suman Man Shrestha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-124X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4737-124X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suman Man Shrestha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030344649","display_name":"Narayan Babu Dhital","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-3133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-3133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263244","display_name":"Patan Multiple Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04aeydz26","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263244"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narayan Babu Dhital","raw_affiliation_strings":["Patan Multiple Campus,Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Patan Multiple Campus,Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405263244"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078836535","display_name":"Gauri Shankar Bhandari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-5780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5989-5780"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gauri Shankar Bhandari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Resources Himalaya Foundation, Naya bato, Lalitpur, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Resources Himalaya Foundation, Naya bato, Lalitpur, Nepal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067800142","display_name":"Bhupendra Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8382-8035","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8382-8035"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhupendra Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nepal Energy and Environment Development Services (NEEDS), Lalitpur, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nepal Energy and Environment Development Services (NEEDS), Lalitpur, Nepal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060437349","display_name":"Rishav Pandit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0529-3987","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0529-3987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401200349","display_name":"Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04gq09j61","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4401200349"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishav Pandit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4401200349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6298,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54466144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.8398000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.8398000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.05990000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.03440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vehicle-air-quality","display_name":"in-vehicle air quality","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-factor","display_name":"load factor","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particulate-matter","display_name":"particulate matter","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm2-5","display_name":"PM2.5","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm10","display_name":"PM10","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pm1","display_name":"PM1","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-outdoor-ratio","display_name":"indoor-outdoor concentration ratio","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport-vehicles","display_name":"public transport vehicles","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-urban-mobility","display_name":"sustainable urban mobility","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-density","display_name":"traffic density","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-dust","display_name":"road dust","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-emissions","display_name":"vehicle emissions","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kathmandu-valley","display_name":"Kathmandu Valley","score":0.8640000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.692470371723175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.6375014185905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126314574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364111","display_name":"Air quality index","level":2,"score":0.6280991435050964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.5072619318962097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.4696851074695587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.456205815076828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26341211795806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.21943959593772888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205527","display_name":"Journal of Air Pollution and Health","issn_l":"2476-3071","issn":["2476-3071"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Pollution and Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1b670b10e7354fda86fb0daa035bdb49","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1b670b10e7354fda86fb0daa035bdb49","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Pollution and Health, Vol 9, Iss 1 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v9i1.15078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205527","display_name":"Journal of Air Pollution and Health","issn_l":"2476-3071","issn":["2476-3071"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-4"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319396","host_organization_name":"Knowledge E","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319396"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Knowledge E"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Air Pollution and Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W640689371","https://openalex.org/W962109145","https://openalex.org/W1693051683","https://openalex.org/W1970084516","https://openalex.org/W1975167530","https://openalex.org/W1982691078","https://openalex.org/W2000109687","https://openalex.org/W2012355040","https://openalex.org/W2040359278","https://openalex.org/W2062106449","https://openalex.org/W2066339500","https://openalex.org/W2067555217","https://openalex.org/W2075450903","https://openalex.org/W2091864955","https://openalex.org/W2133714981","https://openalex.org/W2147624992","https://openalex.org/W2253917036","https://openalex.org/W2260068654","https://openalex.org/W2787502112","https://openalex.org/W2830318406","https://openalex.org/W2909575170","https://openalex.org/W2910722347","https://openalex.org/W2915974454","https://openalex.org/W4223512676","https://openalex.org/W4311744408","https://openalex.org/W4318472702","https://openalex.org/W4380483415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4404800606","https://openalex.org/W4390237379","https://openalex.org/W2915974454","https://openalex.org/W2147624992","https://openalex.org/W3094674479","https://openalex.org/W7117961434","https://openalex.org/W2332034823","https://openalex.org/W3169403621","https://openalex.org/W2593675985","https://openalex.org/W7214128809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Assessing":[1],"in-vehicle":[2,31,160,237],"air":[3,32,120,238],"pollution":[4,136],"and":[5,18,26,60,118,130,141,144,159,167,181,195,215,229,240,250],"load":[6,211,241],"factor":[7,242],"is":[8,191],"crucial":[9],"in":[10,37,156,202,231],"developing":[11],"countries":[12],"like":[13],"Nepal":[14],"within":[15],"the":[16,85,151,164,173,200,218],"environmental":[17],"social":[19],"aspects":[20],"of":[21,34,135,153,204],"sustainable":[22,255],"urban":[23,223,256],"mobility.":[24],"Materials":[25],"methods:":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"study":[30,147,246],"quality":[33,121,239],"public":[35],"vehicles":[36,205],"Kathmandu":[38],"valley":[39],"was":[40,75,94],"monitored":[41,106],"for":[42,72,111,193,226,243],"three":[43],"road":[44,139,175],"sections":[45,225,244],"based":[46],"on":[47,206,213,222],"vehicle":[48,142],"density":[49],"i.e.":[50],"Ring":[51],"Road":[52],"Section":[53],"(RRS),":[54],"Urban":[55,61],"Commercial":[56,62],"Route":[57,63],"1":[58],"(UCR1),":[59],"2":[64],"(UCR2)":[65],"using":[66],"Air":[67],"Visual":[68],"Pro":[69],"N1":[70],"Model":[71],"which":[73],"validationand":[74],"done":[76],"with":[77,108],"reference":[78],"Particulate":[79,100],"Matter":[80,101],"(PM)":[81],"values":[82],"obtained":[83],"from":[84,177,185],"GRIMM":[86],"EDM":[87],"180":[88],"analyzer.":[89],"The":[90],"quantitative":[91],"count":[92],"method":[93],"used":[95],"to":[96,113,172,179,199,233],"sample":[97],"passenger":[98],"load.":[99],"(PM1,":[102],"PM2.5,":[103],"PM10)":[104],"were":[105,247],"along":[107],"indoor-outdoor":[109],"ratio":[110,146],"PM2.5":[112,168],"know":[114],"therelationship":[115],"between":[116,127,148],"indoor":[117],"outdoor":[119],"Results:":[122],"A":[123,188],"higher":[124,219],"positive":[125],"correlation":[126],"PM":[128],"2.5":[129],"PM10":[131,166],"showed":[132,150,217],"common":[133],"sources":[134],"such":[137],"as":[138],"dust,":[140],"exhaust":[143],"a":[145],"them":[149],"dominance":[152],"coarser":[154],"particles":[155],"both":[157,227],"ambient":[158],"environments.":[161],"RRS":[162],"recorded":[163],"highest":[165],"exposure,":[169],"possibly":[170],"due":[171,198],"inadequate":[174],"conditions":[176],"Kalanki":[178],"Gongabu":[180],"loose":[182],"sediment":[183],"deposition":[184],"roadside":[186],"activities.":[187],"significant":[189],"difference":[190,201],"observed":[192],"peak":[194],"non-peak":[196],"hours":[197],"mobility":[203,257],"two":[207],"different":[208],"hours.":[209],"Higher":[210],"factors":[212],"UCR1":[214],"UCR2":[216],"transportation":[220],"demand":[221],"commercial":[224],"weekdays":[228],"weekends":[230],"comparison":[232],"RRS.":[234],"Conclusion:":[235],"Both":[236],"under":[245,254],"not":[248],"satisfactory":[249],"cannot":[251],"be":[252],"counted":[253],"practices.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-03-11T00:00:00"}