{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392586286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.18.014520","title":"Use of unmanned aerial vehicle-derived multi-spectral data for the early detection of multi-temporal maize leaf equivalent water thickness and fuel moisture content for the improved resilience of smallholder maize farming","display_name":"Use of unmanned aerial vehicle-derived multi-spectral data for the early detection of multi-temporal maize leaf equivalent water thickness and fuel moisture content for the improved resilience of smallholder maize farming","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392586286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.18.014520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.jrs.18.014520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.18.014520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.18.014520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78067151","display_name":"Journal of Applied Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1931-3195","issn":["1931-3195"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072472889","display_name":"Helen Snethemba Ndlovu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-6157","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-6157"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Helen S. Ndlovu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geography and Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-6157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geography and Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031257536","display_name":"John Odindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4934-1346","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4934-1346"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Odindi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geography and Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geography and Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011418849","display_name":"Mbulisi Sibanda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-7099","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-7099"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I869660684","display_name":"University of the Western Cape","ror":"https://ror.org/00h2vm590","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mbulisi Sibanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Univ. of the Western Cape","University of the Western Cape, Department of Geography, Environmental Studies and Tourism, Faculty of Arts, Cape Town, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-7099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Univ. of the Western Cape","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Western Cape, Department of Geography, Environmental Studies and Tourism, Faculty of Arts, Cape Town, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I869660684"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052316745","display_name":"Onisimo Mutanga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7358-8111","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7358-8111"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onisimo Mutanga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geography and Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7358-8111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geography and Environmental Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074391749","display_name":"Alistair David Clulow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8803-8780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8803-8780"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alistair Clulow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Agrometeorology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Agrometeorology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065458289","display_name":"Vimbayi Grace Petrova Chimonyo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9912-9848","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9912-9848"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153667","display_name":"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center","ror":"https://ror.org/055w89263","country_code":"KE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1286583668","https://openalex.org/I21740220","https://openalex.org/I4210153667"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["KE","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vimbayi G. P. Chimonyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","International Maize and Wheat Improvement Ctr. (Zimbabwe)","University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Ctr. (Zimbabwe)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153667"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005970114","display_name":"Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9323-8127","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9323-8127"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9323-8127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072472889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4443,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78397464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"01","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize","display_name":"maize","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalent-water-thickness","display_name":"equivalent water thickness","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-moisture-content","display_name":"fuel moisture content","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-stress-detection","display_name":"drought stress detection","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farming","display_name":"smallholder farming","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dryland-agriculture","display_name":"rainfed agriculture","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-multispectral-imagery","display_name":"UAV multispectral imagery","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared","display_name":"near-infrared","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/red-edge","display_name":"red edge","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize-phenology","display_name":"maize phenology","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest-regression","display_name":"random forest regression","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-adaptation","display_name":"climate change adaptation","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-systems","display_name":"early warning systems","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.7005642056465149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6350162029266357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5475165247917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5085009336471558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.4027453362941742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2008667290210724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13917800784111023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12001261115074158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.jrs.18.014520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.18.014520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.jrs.18.014520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S78067151","display_name":"Journal of Applied Remote Sensing","issn_l":"1931-3195","issn":["1931-3195"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Applied Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:4675100","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-6157>;","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.991100013256073}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3206609383","https://openalex.org/W4285006299","https://openalex.org/W4224306206","https://openalex.org/W4415043331","https://openalex.org/W7034705346","https://openalex.org/W7171962852","https://openalex.org/W2922028018","https://openalex.org/W7163568930","https://openalex.org/W7165680218","https://openalex.org/W4408252877"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maize":[0],"water":[1,27,69,90,107],"stress":[2,41,111,207],"from":[3],"rainfall":[4],"variability":[5],"is":[6,34],"a":[7,58,157,184,198],"key":[8],"challenge":[9],"in":[10,16,36,112,129,190],"producing":[11],"rain-fed":[12],"maize":[13,25,39,67,105,131,137,191,205,222],"farming,":[14],"especially":[15],"water-scarce":[17],"regions,":[18],"such":[19,87],"as":[20,88,197],"southern":[21],"Africa.":[22],"Hence,":[23],"quantifying":[24,104,130],"foliar":[26,68,106],"content":[28,70,96,108],"variations":[29],"throughout":[30,135],"the":[31,119,136,151,169,173,188],"phenological":[32,138],"stages":[33,177,182],"valuable":[35],"detecting":[37,102],"smallholder":[38,113,221],"moisture":[40,95,110,192,206],"and":[42,63,71,93,103,109,125,133,145,153,165,180,209,212,218],"supporting":[43],"agricultural":[44],"decision-making.":[45],"The":[46,73],"emergence":[47],"of":[48,66,75,121,163,220],"unmanned":[49],"aerial":[50],"vehicles":[51],"(UAVs)":[52],"equipped":[53],"with":[54,84],"multispectral":[55,123],"sensors":[56],"offers":[57],"unique":[59],"opportunity":[60],"for":[61,101],"robust":[62],"rapid":[64],"monitoring":[65],"stress.":[72],"combination":[74],"near-real-time":[76],"spatially":[77],"explicit":[78],"information":[79],"acquired":[80,171],"using":[81,150],"UAV":[82],"imagery":[83],"physiological":[85],"indicators,":[86],"equivalent":[89],"thickness":[91],"(EWT)":[92],"fuel":[94],"(FMC),":[97],"provides":[98],"viable":[99],"options":[100],"farming":[114],"systems.":[115],"Therefore,":[116],"we":[117],"evaluated":[118],"utility":[120],"UAV-based":[122],"datasets":[124],"random":[126],"forest":[127],"regression":[128],"EWT":[132,144],"FMC":[134,146],"growth":[139,176],"cycle.":[140],"Results":[141],"showed":[142],"that":[143],"could":[147],"be":[148],"determined":[149],"near-infrared":[152],"red-edge":[154],"wavelengths":[155],"to":[156,187,214],"relative":[158],"root":[159],"mean":[160],"square":[161],"error":[162],"2.27%":[164],"1%,":[166],"respectively.":[167],"Specifically,":[168],"spectra":[170],"during":[172],"early":[174,204],"reproductive":[175],"between":[178],"silking":[179],"milk":[181],"demonstrated":[183],"high":[185],"sensitivity":[186],"variation":[189],"content.":[193],"These":[194],"findings":[195],"serve":[196],"fundamental":[199],"step":[200],"toward":[201],"creating":[202],"an":[203],"detection":[208],"warning":[210],"system":[211],"contribute":[213],"climate":[215],"change":[216],"adaptation":[217],"resilience":[219],"farming.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-03-09T00:00:00"}
