{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392513675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","title":"Prevalence and determinants of antibiotics self-medication among indigenous people of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study","display_name":"Prevalence and determinants of antibiotics self-medication among indigenous people of Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392513675","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38448060","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10973695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/14/3/e071504.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/14/3/e071504.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014490691","display_name":"Adnan Mannan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-9586","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-9586"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I894293524","display_name":"University of Chittagong","ror":"https://ror.org/01173vs27","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Mannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh","Disease Biology and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (dBme), Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4070-9586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disease Biology and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (dBme), Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061175507","display_name":"Kallyan Chakma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9870-4561","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9870-4561"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I894293524","display_name":"University of Chittagong","ror":"https://ror.org/01173vs27","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kallyan Chakma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh","Disease Biology and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (dBme), Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9870-4561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disease Biology and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (dBme), Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048587899","display_name":"Gourab Dewan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5512-5278","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5512-5278"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gourab Dewan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Rangamati Medical College, Rangamati, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5512-5278","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Rangamati Medical College, Rangamati, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021882368","display_name":"Ayan Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-8372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-8372"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146966710","display_name":"Asian University for Women","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp52t96","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146966710"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayan Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1101-8372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146966710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056180415","display_name":"Naim Uddin Hasan A Chy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I894293524","display_name":"University of Chittagong","ror":"https://ror.org/01173vs27","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naim Uddin Hasan A Chy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062727512","display_name":"H. M. Hamidullah Mehedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-6773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-6773"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H M Hamidullah Mehedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, 250 Bedded General Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-6773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, 250 Bedded General Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102000893","display_name":"Amzad Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9907-0049","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9907-0049"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125938","display_name":"Jagannath University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c4z7527","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125938"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amzad Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9907-0049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048885863","display_name":"Jannatun Wnaiza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2502-5736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2502-5736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91090688","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Chittagong","ror":"https://ror.org/00w9tx359","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91090688"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jannatun Wnaiza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2502-5736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91090688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056440789","display_name":"Md. Tanveer Ahsan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-8477","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-8477"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I894293524","display_name":"University of Chittagong","ror":"https://ror.org/01173vs27","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Tanveer Ahsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085148820","display_name":"Md. Mashud Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-8805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-8805"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2653708","display_name":"Chittagong Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01y8zn427","country_code":"BD","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2653708"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Mashud Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh","Disease Biology and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (dBme), Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5511-8805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2653708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disease Biology and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (dBme), Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011336310","display_name":"Nazmul Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6119-8178","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6119-8178"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146966710","display_name":"Asian University for Women","ror":"https://ror.org/01wp52t96","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146966710"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazmul Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6119-8178","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146966710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014490691","https://openalex.org/A5021882368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146966710","https://openalex.org/I894293524"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"fwci":8.7581,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98792528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"e071504","last_page":"e071504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-medication-with-antibiotics","display_name":"antibiotic self-medication","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indigenous-peoples","display_name":"indigenous peoples","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chittagong-hill-tracts","display_name":"Chittagong Hill Tracts","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-knowledge","display_name":"antibiotic knowledge","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/determinants-of-self-medication","display_name":"determinants of self-medication","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-income","display_name":"household income","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/place-of-residence","display_name":"place of residence","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azithromycin","display_name":"azithromycin","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-awareness-campaigns","display_name":"community awareness campaigns","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-countries","display_name":"low-income countries","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bangladesh","display_name":"Bangladesh","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rangamati","display_name":"Rangamati","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandarban","display_name":"Bandarban","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kachin","display_name":"Kachin","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8561631441116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.6815096735954285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.6538337469100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.6226038932800293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.6024154424667358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142104173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761396","display_name":"Self-medication","level":2,"score":0.5994377136230469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165399","display_name":"Azithromycin","level":3,"score":0.56419438123703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5015876293182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.4833080768585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.47981882095336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4625816345214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4197996258735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.19490566849708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.17105171084403992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.07999038696289062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000081034","descriptor_name":"Indigenous Peoples","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001459","descriptor_name":"Bangladesh","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/14/3/e071504.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10973695","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10973695","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10973695/pdf/bmjopen-2022-071504.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38448060","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38448060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ open","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0ffc194008ab45c3a14230219b562a2a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0ffc194008ab45c3a14230219b562a2a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open, Vol 14, Iss 3 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:bmjopen:14/3/e071504","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bmjopen.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/14/3/e071504","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071504","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/14/3/e071504.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392513675.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392513675.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76314354","https://openalex.org/W1551155295","https://openalex.org/W1942976844","https://openalex.org/W1982466085","https://openalex.org/W1992985761","https://openalex.org/W2000192060","https://openalex.org/W2010314694","https://openalex.org/W2012900649","https://openalex.org/W2016853181","https://openalex.org/W2031353202","https://openalex.org/W2039651170","https://openalex.org/W2052207357","https://openalex.org/W2063854909","https://openalex.org/W2065913295","https://openalex.org/W2068071845","https://openalex.org/W2075523103","https://openalex.org/W2089405582","https://openalex.org/W2093093666","https://openalex.org/W2104679484","https://openalex.org/W2110957752","https://openalex.org/W2112196943","https://openalex.org/W2122384250","https://openalex.org/W2130163225","https://openalex.org/W2131707255","https://openalex.org/W2141820866","https://openalex.org/W2148662553","https://openalex.org/W2151391474","https://openalex.org/W2151404284","https://openalex.org/W2159370636","https://openalex.org/W2346515576","https://openalex.org/W2400883920","https://openalex.org/W2461053907","https://openalex.org/W2614175537","https://openalex.org/W2617432755","https://openalex.org/W2751152827","https://openalex.org/W2766578585","https://openalex.org/W2796257797","https://openalex.org/W2801220432","https://openalex.org/W2887831317","https://openalex.org/W2899841051","https://openalex.org/W2904896700","https://openalex.org/W2911236081","https://openalex.org/W2911928534","https://openalex.org/W2913271452","https://openalex.org/W2915357625","https://openalex.org/W2918548227","https://openalex.org/W2948569404","https://openalex.org/W2982994688","https://openalex.org/W2984919370","https://openalex.org/W2990618242","https://openalex.org/W3002038118","https://openalex.org/W3033792801","https://openalex.org/W3044776476","https://openalex.org/W3059598035","https://openalex.org/W3085094809","https://openalex.org/W3102682861","https://openalex.org/W3114172825","https://openalex.org/W3133887771","https://openalex.org/W3135689813","https://openalex.org/W3137593885","https://openalex.org/W3172039741","https://openalex.org/W3208693906","https://openalex.org/W3209955261","https://openalex.org/W4200064404","https://openalex.org/W4200177508","https://openalex.org/W4206677002","https://openalex.org/W4206677831","https://openalex.org/W4206930030","https://openalex.org/W4207002588","https://openalex.org/W4210382599","https://openalex.org/W4281732701","https://openalex.org/W4296087410","https://openalex.org/W4307803444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4282836647","https://openalex.org/W4411968446","https://openalex.org/W7212222174","https://openalex.org/W4396223980","https://openalex.org/W4394615788","https://openalex.org/W4410615679","https://openalex.org/W3209955261","https://openalex.org/W2068071845","https://openalex.org/W7015134597","https://openalex.org/W4410059422"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"Self-medication":[1],"with":[2,54,159,183,253],"antibiotics":[3,132,319],"(SMA)":[4],"contributes":[5],"significantly":[6],"to":[7,23,72,206,246,267,301,331,339],"the":[8,27,89,140,169,186,208,221,321,336,341,351],"emergence":[9],"of":[10,30,92,97,127,131,192,202,211,215,248,269,285,294,314,318,324,343,354],"antimicrobial":[11],"resistance":[12,356],"(AMR),":[13],"especially":[14],"in":[15,40,88,102,168,220,278,290,305,345,358],"low-income":[16,170],"countries":[17],"including":[18],"Bangladesh.":[19,359],"This":[20,48,65],"study":[21,49,66,141],"aimed":[22],"generate":[24],"evidence":[25],"on":[26],"self-reported":[28],"prevalence":[29],"antibiotic":[31,216,325],"self-medication":[32],"and":[33,129,134,166,181,200,316,348],"its":[34,135],"determinants":[35],"among":[36,76,157],"indigenous":[37,78,99,346],"people":[38,100,347],"residing":[39,87,101],"Bangladesh's":[41,103],"Chittagong":[42],"Hill":[43],"Tracts":[44],"(CHT)":[45],"districts.":[46],"DESIGN:":[47],"used":[50,189],"a":[51,58,61,197,227,282],"cross-sectional":[52],"design":[53],"data":[55],"collected":[56],"through":[57],"survey":[59],"using":[60,150],"semi-structured":[62],"questionnaire.":[63],"SETTING:":[64],"was":[67,117,155],"conducted":[68],"from":[69,226],"late":[70],"January":[71],"early":[73],"July":[74],"2021;":[75],"different":[77],"group":[79,171],"populations":[80],"aged":[81],"18":[82],"years":[83],"or":[84],"more":[85,143],"olders":[86],"three":[90],"districts":[91,105,280],"CHT.":[93],"PARTICIPANTS:":[94],"A":[95],"total":[96],"1336":[98],"CHT":[104],"were":[106,122,178,204,320],"included.":[107],"PRIMARY":[108],"OUTCOME":[109],"AND":[110],"EXPLANATORY":[111],"VARIABLES:":[112],"The":[113,152,173],"primary":[114],"outcome":[115],"measure":[116],"SMA":[118,153,249,270,286,295,344],"while":[119],"explanatory":[120],"variables":[121],"socio-demographic":[123],"characteristics,":[124],"health":[125],"status":[126],"participants,":[128,142],"knowledge":[130,214,317],"usage":[133],"side":[136],"effects.":[137],"RESULTS:":[138],"Among":[139],"males":[144],"(60.54%)":[145],"than":[146,250,271,288,303],"females":[147],"(51.57%)":[148],"reported":[149,177],"antibiotics.":[151],"rate":[154,293],"high":[156],"individuals":[158],"education":[160],"levels":[161],"below":[162],"secondary":[163],"(over":[164],"50%)":[165],"those":[167,272,289,304],"(55.19%).":[172],"most":[174,187],"common":[175],"diseases":[176],"cough,":[179],"cold":[180],"fever,":[182],"azithromycin":[184],"being":[185],"frequently":[188],"antibiotic.":[190],"Levels":[191],"education,":[193],"family":[194,257,311],"income,":[195,312],"having":[196,212],"chronic":[198],"illness":[199],"place":[201,313],"residence":[203,315],"found":[205,219],"be":[207],"significant":[209,322],"predictors":[210,323],"good":[213],"use":[217],"as":[218],"ordered":[222],"logit":[223],"model.":[224],"Findings":[225],"logistic":[228],"regression":[229],"model":[230],"revealed":[231],"that":[232],"men":[233],"had":[234,259,281],"1.6":[235],"times":[236],"higher":[237],"odds":[238,261],"(adjusted":[239],"OR":[240],"(AOR)":[241],"1.57;":[242],"95%":[243,264,298],"CI":[244,265,299],"1.12":[245],"2.19)":[247],"women.":[251],"Participants":[252,276],"\u2265US$893":[254],"per":[255],"month":[256],"income":[258],"lowest":[260],"(AOR":[262,296],"0.14;":[263],"0.03":[266],"0.64)":[268],"who":[273],"earned":[274],"<US$417.":[275],"living":[277],"Rangamati":[279],"lower":[283],"risk":[284],"(\u2026)":[287],"Bandarban":[291,306],"district.":[292,307],"0.52;":[297],"0.30":[300],"0.90)":[302],"CONCLUSION:":[308],"Male":[309],"gender,":[310],"self-medication.":[326],"Hence,":[327],"it":[328],"is":[329],"important":[330],"streamline":[332],"awareness-raising":[333],"campaigns":[334],"at":[335],"community":[337],"level":[338],"mitigate":[340],"practice":[342],"ultimately":[349],"address":[350],"devastating":[352],"effects":[353],"Antimicrobial":[355],"(AMR)":[357]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-03-07T00:00:00"}