{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392309155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3371458","title":"Using Multimodal Biometric Fusion for Watermarking of Multiple Images","display_name":"Using Multimodal Biometric Fusion for Watermarking of Multiple Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392309155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3371458"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3371458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3371458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3371458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101903161","display_name":"Himanshu Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-9878","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-9878","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8421-4832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11793825","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Patna","ror":"https://ror.org/056wyhh33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11793825","https://openalex.org/I4210152752"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Himanshu Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India","Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-9878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11793825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11793825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032008414","display_name":"Naman Baranwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9143-7774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9143-7774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94234084","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naman Baranwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9143-7774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94234084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059595968","display_name":"Kedar Nath Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-5945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-5945","https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6317-9159"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154970844","display_name":"Jaypee Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05sttyy11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154970844"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kedar Nath Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE/IT, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-5945","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE/IT, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154970844"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634925","display_name":"Amit Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-2068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-2068","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8033-681X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11793825","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Patna","ror":"https://ror.org/056wyhh33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11793825","https://openalex.org/I4210152752"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kumar Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India","Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-2068","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11793825"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11793825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2495,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2495},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5876,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94294187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"1","first_page":"3487","last_page":"3494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image-watermarking","display_name":"image watermarking","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-biometric-fusion","display_name":"multimodal biometric fusion","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometric-encryption","display_name":"biometric encryption","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-security","display_name":"image security","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copyright-protection","display_name":"copyright protection","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-fusion","display_name":"feature fusion","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark-robustness","display_name":"watermark robustness","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark-imperceptibility","display_name":"watermark invisibility","score":0.9259999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.7385709285736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7033656239509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6320610642433167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5926550626754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5751304030418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.457295298576355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32759878039360046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3212828040122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.254517138004303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3371458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3371458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tce.2024.3371458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126824455","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","issn_l":"0098-3063","issn":["0098-3063","1558-4127"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977295328","https://openalex.org/W1994335902","https://openalex.org/W2096121634","https://openalex.org/W2107595704","https://openalex.org/W2741137940","https://openalex.org/W2963703931","https://openalex.org/W3005768827","https://openalex.org/W3135996681","https://openalex.org/W3138986594","https://openalex.org/W4285200423","https://openalex.org/W4291127400","https://openalex.org/W4296338952","https://openalex.org/W4312560303","https://openalex.org/W4312677948","https://openalex.org/W4313145330","https://openalex.org/W4315780451","https://openalex.org/W4316036513","https://openalex.org/W4317895845","https://openalex.org/W4327522191","https://openalex.org/W4380322574","https://openalex.org/W4380785328","https://openalex.org/W4385521759","https://openalex.org/W4387190477","https://openalex.org/W4387865847","https://openalex.org/W4388182839","https://openalex.org/W4388459464"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361629745","https://openalex.org/W2107922825","https://openalex.org/W3094285444","https://openalex.org/W1568204688","https://openalex.org/W2381262728","https://openalex.org/W2111592878","https://openalex.org/W1846726187","https://openalex.org/W1593964766","https://openalex.org/W2387614453","https://openalex.org/W2365808414"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"digital":[1,76],"images":[2],"are":[3,36,83,97,115,135],"an":[4,50],"essential":[5],"source":[6],"of":[7,44,104,172,178,197],"data":[8],"obtained":[9],"from":[10],"consumer":[11,24],"devices,":[12],"thus":[13],"playing":[14],"a":[15,67,190],"crucial":[16],"role":[17],"in":[18,176,193],"various":[19],"important":[20],"scenarios":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23,113],"apps,":[25],"businesses,":[26],"e-commerce,":[27],"education,":[28],"entertainment":[29],"and":[30,34,42,57,72,85,156,181,195,199],"healthcare.":[31],"However,":[32],"security":[33,128],"privacy":[35],"primarily":[37],"concerned":[38],"with":[39,122,184],"the":[40,88,101,105,109,132,150,169,185],"transmission":[41],"storage":[43],"these":[45,62],"images.":[46,107],"Therefore,":[47],"there":[48],"is":[49,153],"urgent":[51],"demand":[52],"to":[53,99,126],"protect":[54],"their":[55],"copyright":[56],"prevent":[58],"leakage.":[59],"To":[60],"address":[61],"concerns,":[63],"this":[64],"paper":[65],"presents":[66],"novel":[68],"multimodal":[69,80],"biometric,":[70],"encryption":[71],"watermarking-based":[73],"method":[74],"for":[75],"image":[77],"security.":[78],"First,":[79],"biometric":[81,106],"features":[82,103],"extracted":[84],"fused":[86,102,110],"using":[87],"customized":[89],"deep":[90],"learning":[91],"model.":[92],"Second,":[93],"different":[94,123,164],"secret":[95],"keys":[96],"used":[98],"encrypt":[100],"Here,":[108],"features,":[111],"considered":[112],"watermarks,":[114],"divided":[116],"into":[117,137],"sub-features":[118,134],"before":[119],"encrypting":[120],"them":[121],"keys.":[124],"Third,":[125],"improve":[127],"while":[129],"maintaining":[130],"imperceptibility,":[131],"encoded":[133],"embedded":[136],"multiple":[138],"cover":[139],"media-based":[140],"convolutional":[141],"neural":[142],"network":[143],"(ConvNet).":[144],"The":[145],"experimental":[146],"results":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"that":[149,157],"proposed":[151,174],"system":[152,175],"highly":[154],"secure":[155],"it":[158],"can":[159],"recover":[160],"complete":[161],"marks":[162],"under":[163],"attacks.":[165],"Further,":[166],"experiments":[167],"illustrate":[168],"superior":[170],"performance":[171],"our":[173],"terms":[177],"both":[179],"imperceptibility":[180,194],"robustness":[182,196],"compared":[183],"competing":[186],"schemes.":[187,204],"It":[188],"indicates":[189],"considerable":[191],"improvement":[192],"62.83%":[198],"25.16%,":[200],"respectively":[201],"over":[202],"existing":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-09T09:14:12.587421","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}