{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392017990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737436x24500018","title":"Discrimination in the Spotlight: The Effects of Political and Religious Bias on Consumer Behaviour and Labour Markets","display_name":"Discrimination in the Spotlight: The Effects of Political and Religious Bias on Consumer Behaviour and Labour Markets","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392017990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737436x24500018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2737436x24500018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737436x24500018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737436x24500018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407026254","display_name":"Journal of Economics Management and Religion","issn_l":"2737-436X","issn":["2737-436X","2737-4378"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics, Management and Religion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4368610","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041747384","display_name":"Christos Andreas Makridis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6547-5897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6547-5897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17389662","display_name":"University of Nicosia","ror":"https://ror.org/04v18t651","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17389662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["CY","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christos A. Makridis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Economy Lab, Stanford University, Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","Institute for the Future, University of Nicosia, Engomi 2414, Cyprus"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6547-5897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Economy Lab, Stanford University, Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Future, University of Nicosia, Engomi 2414, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17389662"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041747384"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17389662","https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.883,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75211304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"04","issue":"02","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.9345999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.9345999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-discrimination","display_name":"religious discrimination","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-discrimination","display_name":"political discrimination","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workplace-hostility","display_name":"workplace hostility","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-polarization","display_name":"political polarization","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumer-behavior","display_name":"consumer behavior","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-behavior","display_name":"labor market behavior","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"social media","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-applications","display_name":"job applications","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-effects","display_name":"information effects","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-activism","display_name":"corporate activism","score":0.33899998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.759348452091217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.7083426117897034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5544956922531128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781214261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2729863","display_name":"Hostility","level":2,"score":0.5391360521316528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5374641418457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4982898235321045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3781047463417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3168870210647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.123292475938797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s2737436x24500018","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737436x24500018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2737436x24500018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407026254","display_name":"Journal of Economics Management and Religion","issn_l":"2737-436X","issn":["2737-436X","2737-4378"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics, Management and Religion","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4368610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4368610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4368610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wsi:jemarx:v:04:y:2023:i:02:n:s2737436x24500018","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2737436X24500018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.4368610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4368610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4368610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5676000118255615},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044892167","https://openalex.org/W2080052757","https://openalex.org/W2096870413","https://openalex.org/W2156209548","https://openalex.org/W2485542902","https://openalex.org/W2559362335","https://openalex.org/W2753024918","https://openalex.org/W2759130384","https://openalex.org/W2811507736","https://openalex.org/W2891649320","https://openalex.org/W3026990730","https://openalex.org/W3038619515","https://openalex.org/W3108233490","https://openalex.org/W3121414323","https://openalex.org/W3123646858","https://openalex.org/W3125732545","https://openalex.org/W3159345035","https://openalex.org/W4206941570","https://openalex.org/W4285604399","https://openalex.org/W4298114579","https://openalex.org/W4313152562","https://openalex.org/W4318485724","https://openalex.org/W4324030889","https://openalex.org/W4386826576","https://openalex.org/W4401545442","https://openalex.org/W6780039587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322603988","https://openalex.org/W2559362335","https://openalex.org/W7100972730","https://openalex.org/W2887362849","https://openalex.org/W4206941570","https://openalex.org/W2267839484","https://openalex.org/W7155530155","https://openalex.org/W7025547654","https://openalex.org/W4417447756","https://openalex.org/W4399155622"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"a":[3,22,58,78,95,144,184],"surge":[4],"in":[5,18,41,186],"concern":[6],"about":[7,77,159,168,178],"political":[8,16,81,108,134,172,209],"polarization":[9],"and":[10,15,44,53,119,146,171,202,208,211],"discrimination":[11,101],"based":[12],"on":[13,35,51,165,219],"religious":[14,106,132,170,207],"attitudes":[17,112],"the":[19,36,42,45],"workplace.":[20],"Using":[21],"nationally-representative":[23],"sample":[24],"of":[25,38,48,60,69,84,97,124,129,148],"nearly":[26,67],"3,000":[27],"respondents,":[28],"this":[29],"paper":[30],"presents":[31],"new":[32],"empirical":[33,63],"evidence":[34],"incidence":[37],"social":[39,79,120,166],"hostilities":[40],"workplace":[43],"causal":[46],"effects":[47,161],"providing":[49],"information":[50,177],"consumer":[52],"labor":[54,117],"market":[55,118],"behavior":[56],"across":[57],"range":[59],"indicators.":[61],"Several":[62],"patterns":[64],"emerge.":[65],"First,":[66],"half":[68],"respondents":[70,98,125,149],"have":[71,99],"not":[72],"shared":[73],"their":[74,91,105,169,220],"personal":[75],"views":[76,135],"or":[80,107,133,156],"issue":[82],"because":[83],"fear":[85],"that":[86,127,151,198],"sharing":[87],"it":[88],"would":[89],"harm":[90],"career.":[92],"Second,":[93],"roughly":[94],"fifth":[96],"encountered":[100],"for":[102,189],"respectfully":[103],"communicating":[104],"viewpoint.":[109],"Third,":[110],"these":[111],"are":[113,153,200],"negatively":[114],"correlated":[115],"with":[116,163,183,206],"media":[121,167],"behavior:":[122],"40%":[123],"say":[126,150],"perceptions":[128],"hostility":[130],"against":[131],"make":[136],"them":[137],"much":[138],"less":[139],"likely":[140],"to":[141,143,176],"apply":[142],"company,":[145],"50%":[147],"they":[152],"\u201cvery":[154],"concerned\u201d":[155,158],"\u201csomewhat":[157],"adverse":[160,201],"related":[162],"posting":[164],"attitudes.":[173],"Finally,":[174],"exposure":[175],"politicized":[179],"topics":[180],"is":[181],"associated":[182,205],"decline":[185],"respondents\u2019":[187],"support":[188],"companies":[190,212],"taking":[191],"more":[192],"activist":[193],"stances.":[194],"These":[195],"results":[196],"suggest":[197],"there":[199],"unintended":[203],"consequences":[204],"discrimination,":[210],"could":[213],"realize":[214],"additional":[215],"benefits":[216],"by":[217],"focusing":[218],"core":[221],"business":[222],"activities.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-02-22T00:00:00"}
