{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391787129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","title":"On the (relation between) efficiency and secret key rate of QKD","display_name":"On the (relation between) efficiency and secret key rate of QKD","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391787129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38351081","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10864355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54246-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54246-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064115398","display_name":"Georgi Bebrov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-0757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-0757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147527907","display_name":"Technical University of Varna","ror":"https://ror.org/03zrwm897","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georgi Bebrov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunications Department, Technical University of Varna, 1 Studentska Street, 9010, Varna, Bulgaria. g.bebrov@tu-varna.bg","Telecommunications Department, Technical University of Varna, 1 Studentska Street, 9010, Varna, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications Department, Technical University of Varna, 1 Studentska Street, 9010, Varna, Bulgaria. g.bebrov@tu-varna.bg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunications Department, Technical University of Varna, 1 Studentska Street, 9010, Varna, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064115398"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147527907"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"fwci":0.649,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66319032,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"3638","last_page":"3638"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"quantum key distribution","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secret-key-rate","display_name":"secret key rate","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overall-efficiency","display_name":"overall efficiency","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twin-field-qkd","display_name":"twin-field QKD","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classical-communication","display_name":"classical communication","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-performance-evaluation","display_name":"protocol performance evaluation","score":0.5699999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.9163071513175964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7318509817123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.676575243473053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.5854858756065369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5776523947715759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5333865284919739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5184463858604431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5124440789222717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49106717109680176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48173144459724426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160333310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398153","display_name":"Key distribution","level":4,"score":0.4779079854488373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.276187539100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.2757149934768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26422375440597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2468702793121338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21354243159294128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.18194836378097534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.13773494958877563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09065794944763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.06871485710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.06791126728057861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.05534908175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54246-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10864355","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10864355","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10864355/pdf/41598_2024_Article_54246.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38351081","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38351081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d7beb5539ac54667817b3d595650d2d9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d7beb5539ac54667817b3d595650d2d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-6 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54246-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54246-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391787129.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391787129.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1612263426","https://openalex.org/W1972907022","https://openalex.org/W1991655274","https://openalex.org/W1997124098","https://openalex.org/W2006226307","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2017142013","https://openalex.org/W2019018899","https://openalex.org/W2019336689","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2026978080","https://openalex.org/W2040462370","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2051556021","https://openalex.org/W2055617162","https://openalex.org/W2063942065","https://openalex.org/W2079603077","https://openalex.org/W2093144089","https://openalex.org/W2097596162","https://openalex.org/W2108968134","https://openalex.org/W2170240091","https://openalex.org/W2600523977","https://openalex.org/W2799278992","https://openalex.org/W2816897650","https://openalex.org/W2944248693","https://openalex.org/W3025810774","https://openalex.org/W4206943299","https://openalex.org/W4320485908","https://openalex.org/W4321498089","https://openalex.org/W4387401741"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206943299","https://openalex.org/W2385877168","https://openalex.org/W7160106651","https://openalex.org/W4410250153","https://openalex.org/W2767107538","https://openalex.org/W7100124226","https://openalex.org/W2904506181","https://openalex.org/W3040720653","https://openalex.org/W3126224984","https://openalex.org/W3119263230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,143],"processes":[1],"of":[2,13,20,39,47,91,108,116,124,140,159],"evaluation":[3],"and":[4,101,154],"comparison":[5,148],"play":[6],"a":[7,14,40,63,68,77,89,117,147,160],"vital":[8],"role":[9],"in":[10,62,76,138],"the":[11,18,28,37,44,56,73,82,95,98,111,125,131,150,155],"development":[12],"scientific":[15],"field.":[16],"In":[17],"field":[19],"quantum":[21,24],"cryptography":[22],"(especially":[23],"key":[25,31,102,114,127,152,157],"distribution,":[26],"QKD),":[27],"so-called":[29],"secret":[30,113],"rate":[32,103,115,128,153,158],"is":[33,50,81,104,120,129,136],"used":[34],"for":[35],"characterizing":[36],"performance":[38],"protocol":[41,119],"(scheme).":[42],"However":[43],"current":[45],"definition":[46,90],"this":[48,92,109,141],"quantity":[49,69],"incomplete.":[51],"It":[52],"does":[53],"not":[54],"consider":[55],"classical":[57],"communication":[58,78],"process":[59],"taking":[60],"place":[61],"QKD":[64,118,134],"protocol.":[65],"There":[66],"exists":[67],"that":[70],"involves":[71],"all":[72],"procedures":[74],"(resources)":[75],"process:":[79],"it":[80],"efficiency":[83,100],"(total":[84],"efficiency).":[85],"This":[86],"paper":[87,144],"reports":[88],"parameter.":[93],"Also":[94],"relation":[96],"between":[97,149],"total":[99,112,126,151],"found.":[105],"By":[106],"means":[107],"relation,":[110],"expressed.":[121],"An":[122],"application":[123],"demonstrated:":[130],"original":[132],"twin-field":[133],"(TF-QKD)":[135],"evaluated":[137],"terms":[139],"rate.":[142],"also":[145],"shows":[146],"standard":[156],"TF-QKD.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-02-14T00:00:00"}