{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391745580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","title":"A side-by-side evaluation of Llama 2 by meta with ChatGPT and its application in ophthalmology","display_name":"A side-by-side evaluation of Llama 2 by meta with ChatGPT and its application in ophthalmology","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391745580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38347179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02972-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167047176","display_name":"Eye","issn_l":"0078-5334","issn":["0078-5334","0950-222X","1476-5454"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02972-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087815324","display_name":"Mouayad Masalkhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0811-358X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0811-358X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mouayad Masalkhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland. mouayad.masalkhi@ucdconnect.ie","University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0811-358X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland. mouayad.masalkhi@ucdconnect.ie","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin School of Medicine, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003959627","display_name":"Joshua Ong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-827X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-827X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Ong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-827X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076328625","display_name":"Ethan Waisberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8999-0212","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8999-0212"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Waisberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068752340","display_name":"Nasif Zaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0120-0939","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0120-0939"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasif Zaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001049098","display_name":"Prithul Sarker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-5484","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-5484"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prithul Sarker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081144092","display_name":"Andrew G. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2473-299X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2473-299X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-2239"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1295876152","display_name":"Houston Methodist","ror":"https://ror.org/027zt9171","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181547552","display_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02pttbw34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181547552","https://openalex.org/I2801539370"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802216851","display_name":"University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics","ror":"https://ror.org/04g2swc55","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644","https://openalex.org/I2802216851","https://openalex.org/I4210142782"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153466","display_name":"Weill Cornell Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r109517","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55302922","display_name":"The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston","ror":"https://ror.org/016tfm930","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55302922"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew G. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA","Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA","Texas A&M College of Medicine, Texas, USA","The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA","University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181547552"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644","https://openalex.org/I2802216851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55302922"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M College of Medicine, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1295876152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017952778","display_name":"Alireza Tavakkoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-1269","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-1269"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Tavakkoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087815324"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"],"apc_list":{"value":5290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5290},"apc_paid":{"value":5290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5290},"fwci":1.9095,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86329854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"10","first_page":"1789","last_page":"1792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8895999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.8895999789237976,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.08479999750852585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/llama-2","display_name":"Llama 2","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatgpt","display_name":"ChatGPT","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"ophthalmology","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-language-models","display_name":"open-source language models","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-comparison","display_name":"model comparison","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-question-answering","display_name":"medical question answering","score":0.4399999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.5936886668205261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5368730425834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.5053356289863586}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002161","descriptor_name":"Camelids, New World","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002161","descriptor_name":"Camelids, New World","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002161","descriptor_name":"Camelids, New World","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002161","descriptor_name":"Camelids, New World","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002161","descriptor_name":"Camelids, New World","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002161","descriptor_name":"Camelids, New World","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002161","descriptor_name":"Camelids, New World","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009885","descriptor_name":"Ophthalmology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009885","descriptor_name":"Ophthalmology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009885","descriptor_name":"Ophthalmology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009885","descriptor_name":"Ophthalmology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009885","descriptor_name":"Ophthalmology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009885","descriptor_name":"Ophthalmology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009885","descriptor_name":"Ophthalmology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02972-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167047176","display_name":"Eye","issn_l":"0078-5334","issn":["0078-5334","0950-222X","1476-5454"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38347179","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38347179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye (London, England)","raw_type":"Letter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11226690","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11226690","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11226690/pdf/41433_2024_Article_2972.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Eye (Lond)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/370591","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/370591","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstreams/2436d25d-464a-45d8-b583-96d28c77ed6d/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-02972-y","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-024-02972-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167047176","display_name":"Eye","issn_l":"0078-5334","issn":["0078-5334","0950-222X","1476-5454"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Eye","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318630","display_name":"Irish Research eLibrary","ror":"https://ror.org/05c347015"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391745580.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391745580.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200185528"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W1489783725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Llama":[0,37],"2,":[1],"a":[2,21,30,60],"product":[3],"of":[4,24],"Meta,":[5],"represents":[6],"the":[7],"latest":[8],"advancement":[9],"in":[10,64],"open-source":[11],"large":[12],"language":[13],"models":[14],"(LLMs).":[15],"It":[16],"has":[17],"been":[18],"trained":[19],"on":[20],"massive":[22],"dataset":[23],"2":[25],"trillion":[26],"tokens,":[27],"which":[28],"is":[29],"significant":[31],"increase":[32],"compared":[33],"to":[34,44],"its":[35,51],"predecessor,":[36],"1":[38,40],"[":[39],"].":[41],"Its":[42],"ability":[43],"understand":[45],"and":[46,55],"generate":[47],"language,":[48],"combined":[49],"with":[50],"optimized":[52],"transformer":[53],"architecture":[54],"fine-tuning":[56],"methods,":[57],"make":[58],"it":[59],"potentially":[61],"valuable":[62],"resource":[63],"various":[65],"fields.":[66]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}