{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391745537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/53453","title":"Changepoint Detection in Heart Rate Variability Indices in Older Patients Without Cancer at End of Life Using Ballistocardiography Signals: Preliminary Retrospective Study","display_name":"Changepoint Detection in Heart Rate Variability Indices in Older Patients Without Cancer at End of Life Using Ballistocardiography Signals: Preliminary Retrospective Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391745537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/53453","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38345857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/53453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/53453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/53453","pdf_url":"https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e53453/PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234749","display_name":"JMIR Formative Research","issn_l":"2561-326X","issn":["2561-326X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Formative Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e53453/PDF","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066742789","display_name":"Naotake Yanagisawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7298-4750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7298-4750"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34077901","display_name":"Juntendo University","ror":"https://ror.org/01692sz90","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34077901"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naotake Yanagisawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7298-4750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34077901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080883029","display_name":"Yuji Nishizaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6964-6702","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6964-6702"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34077901","display_name":"Juntendo University","ror":"https://ror.org/01692sz90","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34077901"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuji Nishizaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Medical Education, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6964-6702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Medical Education, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34077901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077377839","display_name":"Bingwei Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3366-0642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3366-0642"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingwei Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["E3 Enterprise, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3366-0642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"E3 Enterprise, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101482693","display_name":"Jianting Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8947-7660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8947-7660"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Huiyang Technology, Huzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8947-7660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Huiyang Technology, Huzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033748652","display_name":"Takatoshi Kasai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5747-7668","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5747-7668"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34077901","display_name":"Juntendo University","ror":"https://ror.org/01692sz90","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34077901"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takatoshi Kasai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5747-7668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34077901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033748652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34077901"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":0.8049,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73692554,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"e53453","last_page":"e53453"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.7484999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.7484999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10177","display_name":"Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues","score":0.1597999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.047200001776218414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-point-detection","display_name":"change point detection","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"heart rate variability","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballistocardiography","display_name":"ballistocardiography","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-of-life-care","display_name":"end-of-life care","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elderly-patients","display_name":"elderly patients","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminal-illness","display_name":"terminal illness","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-prediction","display_name":"mortality prediction","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-to-death","display_name":"time to death","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rmssd","display_name":"RMSSD","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sdnn","display_name":"SDNN","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-nursing-homes-for-the-elderly","display_name":"special nursing homes for the elderly","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-based-end-of-life-care","display_name":"home-based end-of-life care","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-cancer-patients","display_name":"non-cancer patients","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise-linear-regression","display_name":"piecewise linear regression","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restricted-cubic-splines","display_name":"restricted cubic splines","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japan","display_name":"Japan","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7783787846565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.6383841037750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.5002825260162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.4650026559829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780879335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2045105","display_name":"End-of-life care","level":3,"score":0.46394774317741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779611634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4851812","display_name":"Ballistocardiography","level":2,"score":0.4320727586746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3715001940727234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994186709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29483","display_name":"Palliative care","level":2,"score":0.3177028298377991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2558659017086029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.21707111597061157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.11171135306358337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2196/53453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/53453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/53453","pdf_url":"https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e53453/PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234749","display_name":"JMIR Formative Research","issn_l":"2561-326X","issn":["2561-326X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Formative Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2196/preprints.53453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.53453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/preprints.53453","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:38345857","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38345857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR formative research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10897814","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10897814","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10897814/pdf/formative_v8i1e53453.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Form Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:faea6f1b6b3646d381005f5f29803813","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/faea6f1b6b3646d381005f5f29803813","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Formative Research, Vol 8, p e53453 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2196/53453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2196/53453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/53453","pdf_url":"https://formative.jmir.org/2024/1/e53453/PDF","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234749","display_name":"JMIR Formative Research","issn_l":"2561-326X","issn":["2561-326X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JMIR Formative Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1947249741","display_name":"Prevalence and prognosis of sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction patients.","funder_award_id":"21K16034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3869692964","display_name":"Evaluation of mitochondrial function by 99mTc-MIBI test in hospitalized patients with heart failure","funder_award_id":"18K15904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5161630422","display_name":"Establishment of the treatment for central sleep apnea possibly through several items","funder_award_id":"17K09527","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6217045291","display_name":"Exploring the Use of Ballistocardiography for Prognostic Prediction in Terminal-Stage Elderly Patients &#8212; A Challenge in End-of-Life Prognostication","funder_award_id":"21K12800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7456159175","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20FC1027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391745537.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391745537.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574996394","https://openalex.org/W1964007908","https://openalex.org/W1991113589","https://openalex.org/W1999383461","https://openalex.org/W2005846024","https://openalex.org/W2008949515","https://openalex.org/W2023296861","https://openalex.org/W2036056901","https://openalex.org/W2040547297","https://openalex.org/W2056136783","https://openalex.org/W2076363246","https://openalex.org/W2101073772","https://openalex.org/W2109059879","https://openalex.org/W2116719297","https://openalex.org/W2122464624","https://openalex.org/W2145912168","https://openalex.org/W2146000578","https://openalex.org/W2160637956","https://openalex.org/W2166168562","https://openalex.org/W2204753785","https://openalex.org/W2290576073","https://openalex.org/W2295615629","https://openalex.org/W2519059642","https://openalex.org/W2884446700","https://openalex.org/W2898756916","https://openalex.org/W2922778577","https://openalex.org/W2952947339","https://openalex.org/W2963641566","https://openalex.org/W2997815778","https://openalex.org/W3042881801","https://openalex.org/W3046643141","https://openalex.org/W3105986385","https://openalex.org/W3126655593","https://openalex.org/W3136335363","https://openalex.org/W3143604841","https://openalex.org/W3164506787","https://openalex.org/W3164743720","https://openalex.org/W4200272081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2443144249","https://openalex.org/W2414059932","https://openalex.org/W2419862092","https://openalex.org/W2409338817","https://openalex.org/W2086567125","https://openalex.org/W2143256197","https://openalex.org/W2401675268","https://openalex.org/W2412703768","https://openalex.org/W2029474091","https://openalex.org/W2002865216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"In":[1,41],"an":[2,83],"aging":[3],"society":[4],"such":[5,30,93,189],"as":[6,31,94,190],"Japan,":[7],"where":[8],"the":[9,67,88,138,151,156,164,191,198,216,245,248,266,305,321,324,353,392,440],"number":[10],"of":[11,28,69,114,140,153,167,197,206,218,224,268,285,298,323,327,394,404,433],"older":[12,84,145,169,400,429],"people":[13],"continues":[14],"to":[15,48,64,120,149,172,241,264,342,365,372,380],"increase,":[16],"providing":[17],"in-hospital":[18],"end-of-life":[19,25,42,89,451],"care":[20,26,77],"for":[21,66,104,355,422,442],"all":[22],"deaths,":[23],"and":[24,52,61,97,123,147,180,185,202,278,334,358,375,424,437,445],"outside":[27],"hospitals,":[29],"at":[32,211,360,402,431],"home":[33,176],"or":[34],"in":[35,87,126,142,244,256,399,428,449],"nursing":[36,175],"homes,":[37],"will":[38],"be":[39,420],"difficult.":[40],"care,":[43],"monitoring":[44,423],"patients":[45,170,274,401,430],"is":[46,86],"important":[47],"understand":[49],"their":[50],"condition":[51,95],"predict":[53,150],"survival":[54,426],"time;":[55],"this":[56,115],"information":[57],"gives":[58],"family":[59,105],"members":[60],"caregivers":[62],"time":[63,427],"prepare":[65],"end":[68,403,432],"life.":[70,405,434],"However,":[71],"with":[72,281,316],"no":[73],"clear":[74],"indicators,":[75],"health":[76],"providers":[78],"must":[79],"subjectively":[80],"decide":[81],"if":[82],"patient":[85],"stage,":[90],"considering":[91],"factors":[92],"changes":[96,125,243,255],"decreased":[98],"food":[99],"intake.":[100],"This":[101,159,388],"complicates":[102],"decisions":[103],"members,":[106],"especially":[107],"during":[108],"home-based":[109],"care.":[110],"OBJECTIVE:":[111],"The":[112,272,290,308,348,435],"purpose":[113],"preliminary":[116,389],"retrospective":[117,160],"study":[118,162,390,436],"was":[119,239,262],"determine":[121],"whether":[122],"how":[124],"heart":[127],"rate":[128],"variability":[129],"(HRV)":[130],"indices":[131,188,225,246,299,396,416],"estimated":[132,352],"from":[133,155,210,300,417],"ballistocardiography":[134],"(BCG)":[135],"occur":[136],"before":[137,215,304,319,346,385,397],"date":[139,152,217],"death":[141,154,219,398],"terminally":[143],"ill":[144],"patients,":[146],"ultimately":[148],"changepoint.":[157],"METHODS:":[158],"pilot":[161],"assessed":[163],"medical":[165],"records":[166],"15":[168,273],"admitted":[171],"a":[173,230,258,282,295],"special":[174],"between":[177],"August":[178],"2019":[179],"December":[181],"2021.":[182],"Patient":[183],"characteristics":[184],"time-domain":[186],"HRV":[187,269,395,415],"average":[192],"normal-to-normal":[193,199],"(ANN)":[194],"interval,":[195,201],"SD":[196],"(SDNN)":[200],"root":[203],"mean":[204,326],"square":[205],"successive":[207],"differences":[208],"(RMSSD)":[209],"least":[212],"2":[213],"months":[214],"were":[220,226,409],"collected.":[221],"Overall":[222],"trends":[223],"examined":[227],"by":[228],"drawing":[229],"restricted":[231],"cubic":[232,291],"spline":[233,292],"curve.":[234],"A":[235],"repeated":[236,309],"measures":[237,310],"ANOVA":[238,311],"performed":[240],"evaluate":[242],"over":[247],"observation":[249],"period.":[250],"To":[251],"explore":[252],"more":[253,443],"detailed":[254],"HRV,":[257],"piecewise":[259,349],"regression":[260,350],"analysis":[261,351],"conducted":[263],"estimate":[265],"changepoint":[267,393],"indices.":[270],"RESULTS:":[271],"included":[275],"8":[276,317],"men":[277],"7":[279],"women":[280],"median":[283],"age":[284],"93":[286],"(IQR":[287],"91-96)":[288],"years.":[289],"curve":[293],"showed":[294,312],"gradual":[296],"decline":[297],"approximately":[301],"30":[302],"days":[303],"patients'":[306],"deaths.":[307],"that":[313,414],"when":[314],"compared":[315],"weeks":[318,345],"death,":[320],"ratio":[322],"geometric":[325],"ANN":[328],"(0.90,":[329],"95%":[330,337],"CI":[331,338,363,370,378],"0.84-0.98;":[332],"P=.005)":[333],"RMSSD":[335,359],"(0.83,":[336],"0.70-0.99;":[339],"P=.03)":[340],"began":[341],"decrease":[343],"3":[344],"death.":[347,386],"changepoints":[354],"ANN,":[356],"SDNN,":[357],"-34.5":[361],"(95%":[362,369,377],"-42.5":[364],"-26.5;":[366],"P<.001),":[367,374],"-33.0":[368],"-40.9":[371],"-25.1;":[373],"-35.0":[376],"-42.3":[379],"-27.7;":[381],"P<.001)":[382],"days,":[383],"respectively,":[384],"CONCLUSIONS:":[387],"identified":[391],"Although":[406],"few":[407],"data":[408],"examined,":[410],"our":[411],"findings":[412],"indicated":[413],"BCG":[418],"can":[419],"useful":[421],"predicting":[425,450],"results":[438],"suggest":[439],"potential":[441],"objective":[444],"accurate":[446],"prognostic":[447],"tools":[448],"outcomes.":[452]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
