{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391685359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","title":"An efficient deepfake video detection using robust deep learning","display_name":"An efficient deepfake video detection using robust deep learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391685359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38434385","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10907530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898612692","display_name":"Heliyon","issn_l":"2405-8440","issn":["2405-8440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abdul Qadir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Qadir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, UET, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, UET, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039674369","display_name":"Rabbia Mahum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-8201","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-8201"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rabbia Mahum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, UET, Taxila, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-8201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, UET, Taxila, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008340413","display_name":"Mohammed A. El-Meligy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-4259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-4259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed A. El-Meligy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia","Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075931395","display_name":"Adham Ezzat Ragab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7339-6419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7339-6419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adham E. Ragab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7339-6419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047866496","display_name":"AbdulMalik S. Al\u2010Salman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5874-2611","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5874-2611"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdulmalik AlSalman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad Awais","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Awais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan International Joint Laboratory of Laser Technology in Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China","College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University (SZTU), China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan International Joint Laboratory of Laser Technology in Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University (SZTU), China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008340413","https://openalex.org/A5039674369","https://openalex.org/A5047866496","https://openalex.org/A5075931395"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729","https://openalex.org/I28022161","https://openalex.org/I4210152380"],"apc_list":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"apc_paid":{"value":2100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2100},"fwci":9.5958,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99053245,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"e25757","last_page":"e25757"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepfake-detection","display_name":"deepfake detection","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faceforensics","display_name":"FaceForensics++","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepfake-detection-challenge","display_name":"DFDC","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-misinformation","display_name":"social media misinformation","score":0.5709999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5497310161590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5373830199241638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5123728513717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4147416651248932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.404056578874588}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898612692","display_name":"Heliyon","issn_l":"2405-8440","issn":["2405-8440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3103257/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3103257/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3103257/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3103257/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10907530","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10907530","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10907530/pdf/main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38434385","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38434385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aaad587739b449a5a8c6ade95e172fab","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aaad587739b449a5a8c6ade95e172fab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon, Vol 10, Iss 5, Pp e25757- (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898612692","display_name":"Heliyon","issn_l":"2405-8440","issn":["2405-8440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Heliyon","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391685359.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391685359.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1810943226","https://openalex.org/W2173520492","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2593463961","https://openalex.org/W2738406145","https://openalex.org/W2794857359","https://openalex.org/W2898877033","https://openalex.org/W2904573504","https://openalex.org/W2909336075","https://openalex.org/W2912336782","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W2945262873","https://openalex.org/W2953335716","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2963720850","https://openalex.org/W2976451995","https://openalex.org/W3008227768","https://openalex.org/W3012303644","https://openalex.org/W3014750960","https://openalex.org/W3016806697","https://openalex.org/W3017837134","https://openalex.org/W3031848290","https://openalex.org/W3036198682","https://openalex.org/W3080406710","https://openalex.org/W3082876549","https://openalex.org/W3093810527","https://openalex.org/W3095986900","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3111141257","https://openalex.org/W3130083785","https://openalex.org/W3131168966","https://openalex.org/W3135809943","https://openalex.org/W3173581984","https://openalex.org/W3175462371","https://openalex.org/W3186087788","https://openalex.org/W3196908521","https://openalex.org/W3202546516","https://openalex.org/W3207635124","https://openalex.org/W3213209526","https://openalex.org/W3215482849","https://openalex.org/W4200606280","https://openalex.org/W4210528317","https://openalex.org/W4210699789","https://openalex.org/W4220894545","https://openalex.org/W4220918107","https://openalex.org/W4229019234","https://openalex.org/W4234552385","https://openalex.org/W4241049070","https://openalex.org/W4288102863","https://openalex.org/W4289831746","https://openalex.org/W4307263152","https://openalex.org/W4310154136","https://openalex.org/W4319340663","https://openalex.org/W4321483965","https://openalex.org/W4408153125","https://openalex.org/W6752229666","https://openalex.org/W6769201832","https://openalex.org/W6807676285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382519135","https://openalex.org/W4205699737","https://openalex.org/W4413978980","https://openalex.org/W4410699995","https://openalex.org/W7128915554","https://openalex.org/W4414463137","https://openalex.org/W7167078962","https://openalex.org/W4413679363","https://openalex.org/W4317383076","https://openalex.org/W7218314860"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"creation":[1],"and":[2,75,89,125,158,186,192],"manipulation":[3],"of":[4,86,106,145],"synthetic":[5],"images":[6,90,135],"have":[7,20],"evolved":[8],"rapidly,":[9],"causing":[10],"serious":[11],"concerns":[12],"about":[13],"their":[14],"effects":[15],"on":[16,47,66],"society.":[17],"Although":[18],"there":[19],"been":[21],"various":[22],"attempts":[23],"to":[24,57,114],"identify":[25,58,131],"deep":[26],"fake":[27,87],"videos,":[28],"these":[29,35,112],"approaches":[30],"are":[31],"not":[32,138],"universal.":[33],"Identifying":[34],"misleading":[36],"deepfakes":[37],"is":[38,94],"the":[39,115,143,151,170,181],"first":[40],"step":[41],"in":[42,91,133],"preventing":[43],"them":[44],"from":[45,104,184],"spreading":[46],"social":[48],"media":[49],"sites.":[50],"We":[51,96,164,188],"introduce":[52],"a":[53,80,98],"unique":[54],"deep-learning":[55],"technique":[56,100],"fraudulent":[59],"clips.":[60],"Most":[61],"deepfake":[62,134,153,161],"identifiers":[63],"currently":[64],"focus":[65],"identifying":[67],"face":[68],"exchange,":[69],"lip":[70],"synchronous,":[71],"expression":[72],"modification,":[73],"puppeteers,":[74],"other":[76],"factors.":[77],"However,":[78],"exploring":[79],"consistent":[81],"basis":[82],"for":[83,123],"all":[84],"forms":[85],"videos":[88,105],"real-time":[92],"forensics":[93],"challenging.":[95],"propose":[97],"hybrid":[99],"that":[101,136,194],"takes":[102],"input":[103],"successive":[107],"targeted":[108],"frames,":[109],"then":[110],"feeds":[111],"frames":[113],"ResNet-Swish-BiLSTM,":[116],"an":[117],"optimized":[118],"convolutional":[119],"BiLSTM-based":[120],"residual":[121],"network":[122],"training":[124],"classification.":[126],"This":[127],"proposed":[128,147,196],"method":[129,197],"helps":[130],"artifacts":[132],"do":[137],"seem":[139],"real.":[140],"To":[141],"assess":[142],"robustness":[144],"our":[146,195],"model,":[148],"we":[149,176],"used":[150],"open":[152],"detection":[154],"challenge":[155],"dataset":[156],"(DFDC)":[157],"Face":[159],"Forensics":[160],"collections":[162],"(FF++).":[163],"achieved":[165],"96.23%":[166],"accuracy":[167,179],"when":[168],"using":[169,180],"FF++":[171,185],"digital":[172],"record.":[173],"In":[174],"contrast,":[175],"attained":[177],"78.33%":[178],"aggregated":[182],"records":[183],"DFDC.":[187],"performed":[189],"extensive":[190],"experiments":[191],"believe":[193],"provides":[198],"more":[199],"significant":[200],"results":[201],"than":[202],"existing":[203],"techniques.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-02-10T00:00:00"}