{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391661907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","title":"The Underrepresentation of Women in Politics: A Literature Review on Gender Bias in Political Recruitment Processes","display_name":"The Underrepresentation of Women in Politics: A Literature Review on Gender Bias in Political Recruitment Processes","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391661907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4036/iis.2024.r.01"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/iis/advpub/0/advpub_2024.R.01/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85999832","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Information Sciences","issn_l":"1340-9050","issn":["1340-9050","1347-6157"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313307","host_organization_name":"Tohoku University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Tohoku University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interdisciplinary Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/iis/advpub/0/advpub_2024.R.01/_pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059337009","display_name":"Yoshikuni Ono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9222-4014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9222-4014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshikuni ONO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036761927","display_name":"Yuya Endo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-5592","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-5592"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuya ENDO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Osaka School of International Public Policy, Osaka University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Osaka School of International Public Policy, Osaka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.8446,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98625272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"36","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-political-underrepresentation","display_name":"women's political underrepresentation","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"gender bias","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-recruitment","display_name":"political recruitment","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-legislators","display_name":"women legislators","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candidate-nomination","display_name":"candidate nomination","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candidate-selection","display_name":"candidate selection","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-gap-in-political-representation","display_name":"gender gap in political representation","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-political-participation","display_name":"women's political participation","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-voters","display_name":"women voters","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-parties","display_name":"political parties","score":0.5299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.8393748998641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775925287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156895","display_name":"Nomination","level":2,"score":0.8071620464324951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6876637935638428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991930696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3534219","display_name":"Political process","level":3,"score":0.5845000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.5330575704574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5053108334541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.501744270324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90508534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660049","display_name":"Political communication","level":3,"score":0.4792237877845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.46050283312797546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.4511045217514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986619947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30103150","display_name":"Gender gap","level":2,"score":0.43121784925460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514689293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16147165","display_name":"American political science","level":3,"score":0.4171915054321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.2795497179031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24658793210983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.23914092779159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.23814508318901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.16233867406845093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.13243761658668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10398927330970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0961843729019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07790383696556091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/iis/advpub/0/advpub_2024.R.01/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85999832","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Information Sciences","issn_l":"1340-9050","issn":["1340-9050","1347-6157"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313307","host_organization_name":"Tohoku University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Tohoku University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interdisciplinary Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:00918:0006342192","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://tohoku.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2001821","pdf_url":"https://tohoku.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2001821/files/30_2024.R.01.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Interdisciplinary information sciences","raw_type":"departmental bulletin paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4036/iis.2024.r.01","pdf_url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/iis/advpub/0/advpub_2024.R.01/_pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85999832","display_name":"Interdisciplinary Information Sciences","issn_l":"1340-9050","issn":["1340-9050","1347-6157"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313307","host_organization_name":"Tohoku University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313307"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Tohoku University"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interdisciplinary Information Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.9444000124931335,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312387","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320273","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320290","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332377","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391661907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391661907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90970949","https://openalex.org/W1800722477","https://openalex.org/W1875588004","https://openalex.org/W1907660064","https://openalex.org/W1971962719","https://openalex.org/W1987948207","https://openalex.org/W1994988183","https://openalex.org/W1999379879","https://openalex.org/W2009708869","https://openalex.org/W2022590791","https://openalex.org/W2024811950","https://openalex.org/W2028921029","https://openalex.org/W2029381720","https://openalex.org/W2030935779","https://openalex.org/W2031253744","https://openalex.org/W2034060762","https://openalex.org/W2035577473","https://openalex.org/W2046144798","https://openalex.org/W2051501267","https://openalex.org/W2051741597","https://openalex.org/W2074862289","https://openalex.org/W2093273378","https://openalex.org/W2093800816","https://openalex.org/W2100696020","https://openalex.org/W2101646211","https://openalex.org/W2102077830","https://openalex.org/W2102468974","https://openalex.org/W2108424800","https://openalex.org/W2109459994","https://openalex.org/W2118692498","https://openalex.org/W2124080792","https://openalex.org/W2125392551","https://openalex.org/W2128106636","https://openalex.org/W2129559635","https://openalex.org/W2140489376","https://openalex.org/W2145949653","https://openalex.org/W2147078060","https://openalex.org/W2147993947","https://openalex.org/W2148778355","https://openalex.org/W2154380314","https://openalex.org/W2158773967","https://openalex.org/W2163321340","https://openalex.org/W2166453389","https://openalex.org/W2307206019","https://openalex.org/W2318620271","https://openalex.org/W2319116162","https://openalex.org/W2319416748","https://openalex.org/W2341604809","https://openalex.org/W2368733755","https://openalex.org/W2477240584","https://openalex.org/W2502688118","https://openalex.org/W2506011618","https://openalex.org/W2597577291","https://openalex.org/W2638560911","https://openalex.org/W2738926344","https://openalex.org/W2771050970","https://openalex.org/W2793575000","https://openalex.org/W2903488031","https://openalex.org/W2921414108","https://openalex.org/W2950782764","https://openalex.org/W2964961709","https://openalex.org/W2970850276","https://openalex.org/W3044196526","https://openalex.org/W3085774845","https://openalex.org/W3092678026","https://openalex.org/W3123997958","https://openalex.org/W3124016754","https://openalex.org/W3124799418","https://openalex.org/W3171409821","https://openalex.org/W4206931231","https://openalex.org/W4240351766","https://openalex.org/W4243487695","https://openalex.org/W4249633445","https://openalex.org/W4289519098","https://openalex.org/W4321783905","https://openalex.org/W4388318955","https://openalex.org/W4399945517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7019406858","https://openalex.org/W2158773967","https://openalex.org/W3015151166","https://openalex.org/W4410105094","https://openalex.org/W2403352757","https://openalex.org/W2496312007","https://openalex.org/W4413437254","https://openalex.org/W2288547891","https://openalex.org/W2477993246","https://openalex.org/W7084573678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,8,14,18,30,50,59,83,87,121,145],"underrepresentation":[4],"of":[5,20,33,52,62,82,86,92,96,104,120],"women":[6,76],"in":[7,17,27,36,134,148],"political":[9,21,69,88,100,122,135,149],"arena":[10],"worldwide":[11],"by":[12,99,108],"reviewing":[13],"relevant":[15],"literature":[16],"field":[19],"science.":[22],"Despite":[23],"women's":[24,67],"increasing":[25],"participation":[26],"various":[28],"fields,":[29],"average":[31],"percentage":[32],"female":[34,53,63],"legislators":[35,54],"OECD":[37],"countries":[38,45],"is":[39,55,129],"only":[40,43],"33.83%,":[41],"with":[42],"two":[44],"achieving":[46],"50%":[47],"representation.":[48,136,150],"Increasing":[49],"number":[51],"crucial":[56],"to":[57,125,143],"reflect":[58],"policy":[60],"preferences":[61],"voters":[64],"and":[65,102],"increase":[66],"future":[68],"participation.":[70],"However,":[71],"multiple":[72],"studies":[73],"suggest":[74],"that":[75],"face":[77],"gender":[78,113,132,146],"bias":[79,114],"at":[80,117],"each":[81,118],"three":[84],"stages":[85],"recruitment":[89,123],"process:":[90],"self-selection":[91],"potential":[93],"candidates,":[94],"nomination":[95],"aspiring":[97],"candidates":[98,105],"parties,":[101],"selection":[103],"as":[106],"representatives":[107],"voters.":[109],"We":[110],"review":[111],"how":[112],"may":[115],"manifest":[116],"stage":[119],"process":[124],"understand":[126],"why":[127],"there":[128],"a":[130],"significant":[131],"gap":[133,147],"Additionally,":[137],"we":[138],"introduce":[139],"research":[140],"discussing":[141],"ways":[142],"reduce":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2024-02-09T00:00:00"}
