{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391451187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010017","title":"New Convolutional Neural Network and Graph Convolutional Network-Based Architecture for AI Applications in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia-Stage Classification","display_name":"New Convolutional Neural Network and Graph Convolutional Network-Based Architecture for AI Applications in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia-Stage Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391451187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ai5010017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-2688/5/1/17/pdf?version=1706759342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200511","display_name":"AI","issn_l":"2673-2688","issn":["2673-2688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-2688/5/1/17/pdf?version=1706759342","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073202233","display_name":"Easin Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2446-7425","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2446-7425"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164936912","display_name":"The University of Texas at El Paso","ror":"https://ror.org/04d5vba33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Easin Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2446-7425","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044859381","display_name":"Amy E. Wagler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-6059","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-6059"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164936912","display_name":"The University of Texas at El Paso","ror":"https://ror.org/04d5vba33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Wagler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-6059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073202233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1819},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1819},"fwci":7.3307,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98232094,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"342","last_page":"363"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia-staging","display_name":"dementia staging","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia-classification","display_name":"dementia classification","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-convolutional-networks","display_name":"graph convolutional networks","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-brain-mri","display_name":"whole-brain MRI","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adni","display_name":"ADNI","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"neuroimaging","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning-classification","display_name":"deep learning classification","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6544846296310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5818549394607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5660892724990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.5554693937301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4885181188583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502032728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","level":3,"score":0.4269181191921234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4215567111968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3197174370288849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1374371349811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.09691748023033142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ai5010017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-2688/5/1/17/pdf?version=1706759342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200511","display_name":"AI","issn_l":"2673-2688","issn":["2673-2688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b6f9d5fcfaa74725b1406deaa2aa5953","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b6f9d5fcfaa74725b1406deaa2aa5953","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"AI, Vol 5, Iss 1, Pp 342-363 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ai5010017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5010017","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2673-2688/5/1/17/pdf?version=1706759342","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200511","display_name":"AI","issn_l":"2673-2688","issn":["2673-2688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391451187.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391451187.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2748553987","https://openalex.org/W2905035821","https://openalex.org/W2954581201","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2968726102","https://openalex.org/W2978647781","https://openalex.org/W2983431646","https://openalex.org/W3007755486","https://openalex.org/W3021128703","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3113100858","https://openalex.org/W3210926952","https://openalex.org/W4281826907","https://openalex.org/W4306404621","https://openalex.org/W4318571792","https://openalex.org/W4318678031","https://openalex.org/W4377096463","https://openalex.org/W4388284831","https://openalex.org/W6927903571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3138467425","https://openalex.org/W3005273529","https://openalex.org/W6999609858","https://openalex.org/W4319323236","https://openalex.org/W4405646133","https://openalex.org/W3160822735","https://openalex.org/W4405788170","https://openalex.org/W7135383160","https://openalex.org/W4406267415","https://openalex.org/W7154906341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuroimaging":[0,138],"experts":[1],"in":[2,118,172,180,209,214,230],"biotech":[3,227],"industries":[4],"can":[5,225],"benefit":[6],"from":[7,86,134,163],"using":[8],"cutting-edge":[9],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"techniques":[12],"for":[13,76,155,184],"Alzheimer\u2019s":[14,136],"disease":[15],"(AD)-":[16],"and":[17,32,64,98,105,143,203,234],"dementia-stage":[18],"prediction,":[19],"even":[20],"though":[21],"it":[22],"is":[23],"difficult":[24],"to":[25,48,113,141],"anticipate":[26],"the":[27,107,114,119,135,145,150,157,161,164,169,174,177,185,189,192,221],"precise":[28],"stage":[29],"of":[30,55,125,168,176,188,199,218,223],"dementia":[31,66,79,224],"AD.":[33],"Therefore,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"a":[37],"cutting-edge,":[38],"computer-assisted":[39],"method":[40],"based":[41],"on":[42],"an":[43,196],"advanced":[44],"deep":[45],"learning":[46],"algorithm":[47],"differentiate":[49],"between":[50],"people":[51],"with":[52,90,237],"varying":[53],"degrees":[54],"dementia,":[56,61,63],"including":[57],"healthy,":[58],"very":[59],"mild":[60,62],"moderate":[65],"classes.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69,181],"paper,":[70],"four":[71],"separate":[72],"models":[73,178,194],"were":[74,103,132],"developed":[75,179],"classifying":[77,215],"different":[78,216],"stages:":[80],"convolutional":[81,92,95],"neural":[82],"networks":[83,96],"(CNNs)":[84],"built":[85],"scratch,":[87],"pre-trained":[88],"VGG16":[89],"additional":[91],"layers,":[93],"graph":[94],"(GCNs),":[97],"CNN-GCN":[99,121,207],"models.":[100,158],"The":[101,206],"CNNs":[102],"implemented,":[104],"then":[106],"flattened":[108],"layer":[109],"output":[110],"was":[111],"fed":[112],"GCN":[115],"classifier,":[116],"resulting":[117],"proposed":[120,146],"architecture.":[122],"A":[123],"total":[124],"6400":[126],"whole-brain":[127],"magnetic":[128],"resonance":[129],"imaging":[130],"scans":[131],"obtained":[133],"Disease":[137],"Initiative":[139],"database":[140],"train":[142],"evaluate":[144],"methods.":[147],"We":[148,159],"applied":[149],"5-fold":[151,190],"cross-validation":[152],"(CV)":[153],"technique":[154],"all":[156],"presented":[160],"results":[162],"best":[165,186],"fold":[166,187],"out":[167],"five":[170],"folds":[171],"assessing":[173],"performance":[175,213],"study.":[182],"Hence,":[183],"CV,":[191],"above-mentioned":[193],"achieved":[195],"overall":[197],"accuracy":[198],"43.83%,":[200],"71.17%,":[201],"99.06%,":[202],"100%,":[204],"respectively.":[205],"model,":[208],"particular,":[210],"demonstrates":[211],"excellent":[212],"stages":[217,222],"dementia.":[219],"Understanding":[220],"assist":[226],"industry":[228],"researchers":[229],"uncovering":[231],"molecular":[232],"markers":[233],"pathways":[235],"connected":[236],"each":[238],"stage.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-02-02T00:00:00"}