{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391069573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","title":"ChatGPT in healthcare: A taxonomy and systematic review","display_name":"ChatGPT in healthcare: A taxonomy and systematic review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391069573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38262126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138959710","display_name":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine","issn_l":"0169-2607","issn":["0169-2607","1872-7565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101571576","display_name":"Jianning Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9560-3896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9560-3896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianning Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe 2, 45131 Essen, Germany","Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe, 45131 Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe 2, 45131 Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe, 45131 Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007940140","display_name":"Amin Dada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4016-7799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4016-7799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amin Dada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe 2, 45131 Essen, Germany","Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe, 45131 Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe 2, 45131 Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe, 45131 Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034899775","display_name":"Behrus Puladi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5909-6105","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5909-6105"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120689","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Aachen","ror":"https://ror.org/02gm5zw39","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120689"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Behrus Puladi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany","Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany","Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5909-6105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120689","https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120689","https://openalex.org/I887968799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120689","https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017161970","display_name":"Jens Kleesiek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-0682","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8686-0682"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200332995","display_name":"TU Dortmund University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k97gp34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Kleesiek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe 2, 45131 Essen, Germany; TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, Otto-Hahn-Stra\u00dfe 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany","Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe, 45131 Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe 2, 45131 Essen, Germany; TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, Otto-Hahn-Stra\u00dfe 4, 44227 Dortmund, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995","https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe, 45131 Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010662766","display_name":"Jan Egger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5225-1982","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5225-1982","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7589-6984"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119759","display_name":"Essen University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02na8dn90","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405270573","display_name":"Stiftung Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/00ykp8811","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405270573"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jan Egger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe 2, 45131 Essen, Germany; Center for Virtual and Extended Reality in Medicine (ZvRM), University Hospital Essen, University Medicine Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany. Electronic address: jan.egger@uk-essen.de","Center for Virtual and Extended Reality in Medicine (ZvRM), University Hospital Essen, University Medicine Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany","Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe, 45131 Essen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5225-1982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe 2, 45131 Essen, Germany; Center for Virtual and Extended Reality in Medicine (ZvRM), University Hospital Essen, University Medicine Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany. Electronic address: jan.egger@uk-essen.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Virtual and Extended Reality in Medicine (ZvRM), University Hospital Essen, University Medicine Essen, Hufelandstra\u00dfe 55, 45147 Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759","https://openalex.org/I4405270573","https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen (A\u00f6R), Girardetstra\u00dfe, 45131 Essen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010662766"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119759","https://openalex.org/I4405270573","https://openalex.org/I62318514"],"apc_list":{"value":2880,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2880},"apc_paid":{"value":2880,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2880},"fwci":11.5991,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":449,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99535963,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"245","issue":null,"first_page":"108013","last_page":"108013"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatgpt","display_name":"ChatGPT","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-applications","display_name":"medical applications","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare","display_name":"artificial intelligence in healthcare","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-deployment","display_name":"clinical deployment","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-reliability","display_name":"model reliability","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-datasets","display_name":"biomedical datasets","score":0.5950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6320899128913879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5977615118026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5928429365158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5083162188529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.504055380821228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5039872527122498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201610","display_name":"Status quo","level":2,"score":0.49339428544044495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4738077223300934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46642476320266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4265240728855133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4111177921295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2491987943649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13614526391029358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.12843096256256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138959710","display_name":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine","issn_l":"0169-2607","issn":["0169-2607","1872-7565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2023.03.30.23287899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.30.23287899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.30.23287899","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2023/03/30/2023.03.30.23287899.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:38262126","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38262126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer methods and programs in biomedicine","raw_type":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliographie.ub.uni-due.de:ubo_mods_00216773","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38262126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055102","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliographie, Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Review"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:1007207","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/1007207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401362","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 245, 108013 (2024). doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.18154/rwth-conv-253561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-conv-253561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-conv-253561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S138959710","display_name":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine","issn_l":"0169-2607","issn":["0169-2607","1872-7565"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8560000061988831}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":162,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W139989439","https://openalex.org/W1969219815","https://openalex.org/W1970733006","https://openalex.org/W2009184733","https://openalex.org/W2029487538","https://openalex.org/W2062458775","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2082258771","https://openalex.org/W2109664771","https://openalex.org/W2143079363","https://openalex.org/W2255466643","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2489487449","https://openalex.org/W2626778328","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2897980926","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2923014074","https://openalex.org/W2950813464","https://openalex.org/W2956002061","https://openalex.org/W2962753370","https://openalex.org/W2971031791","https://openalex.org/W2975059944","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W2994673210","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W2996035354","https://openalex.org/W2996219887","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3033187248","https://openalex.org/W3046375318","https://openalex.org/W3081927779","https://openalex.org/W3101223450","https://openalex.org/W3108779652","https://openalex.org/W3122890974","https://openalex.org/W3135367836","https://openalex.org/W3141847762","https://openalex.org/W3144293453","https://openalex.org/W3166593409","https://openalex.org/W3211686893","https://openalex.org/W4210870687","https://openalex.org/W4237417635","https://openalex.org/W4239025696","https://openalex.org/W4241901867","https://openalex.org/W4242195443","https://openalex.org/W4281572205","https://openalex.org/W4281627552","https://openalex.org/W4281664060","https://openalex.org/W4281911083","https://openalex.org/W4294339267","https://openalex.org/W4297253404","https://openalex.org/W4297682812","https://openalex.org/W4310917376","https://openalex.org/W4312083290","https://openalex.org/W4313262066","https://openalex.org/W4315477395","https://openalex.org/W4315498620","https://openalex.org/W4315784554","https://openalex.org/W4315874291","https://openalex.org/W4316671929","https://openalex.org/W4317390716","https://openalex.org/W4318263917","https://openalex.org/W4318925155","https://openalex.org/W4318931874","https://openalex.org/W4319083882","https://openalex.org/W4319299307","https://openalex.org/W4319301505","https://openalex.org/W4319304408","https://openalex.org/W4319333004","https://openalex.org/W4319334927","https://openalex.org/W4319341091","https://openalex.org/W4319460874","https://openalex.org/W4319662928","https://openalex.org/W4319663047","https://openalex.org/W4319777935","https://openalex.org/W4319813031","https://openalex.org/W4319868628","https://openalex.org/W4319985830","https://openalex.org/W4320491918","https://openalex.org/W4320709689","https://openalex.org/W4320920036","https://openalex.org/W4321018146","https://openalex.org/W4321102637","https://openalex.org/W4321167341","https://openalex.org/W4321351832","https://openalex.org/W4321366933","https://openalex.org/W4321435202","https://openalex.org/W4321436564","https://openalex.org/W4321446367","https://openalex.org/W4321459182","https://openalex.org/W4321503143","https://openalex.org/W4321601391","https://openalex.org/W4321605784","https://openalex.org/W4321610465","https://openalex.org/W4321748993","https://openalex.org/W4321850160","https://openalex.org/W4321996818","https://openalex.org/W4322008312","https://openalex.org/W4322208207","https://openalex.org/W4322500537","https://openalex.org/W4322618218","https://openalex.org/W4322622443","https://openalex.org/W4322719791","https://openalex.org/W4322743583","https://openalex.org/W4322757547","https://openalex.org/W4322761615","https://openalex.org/W4323035510","https://openalex.org/W4323038373","https://openalex.org/W4323048965","https://openalex.org/W4323050332","https://openalex.org/W4323050958","https://openalex.org/W4323066985","https://openalex.org/W4323314501","https://openalex.org/W4323347432","https://openalex.org/W4323347493","https://openalex.org/W4323347604","https://openalex.org/W4323350039","https://openalex.org/W4323652488","https://openalex.org/W4323811257","https://openalex.org/W4323835279","https://openalex.org/W4323920935","https://openalex.org/W4324020464","https://openalex.org/W4324020772","https://openalex.org/W4324129637","https://openalex.org/W4324304837","https://openalex.org/W4324308091","https://openalex.org/W4324311092","https://openalex.org/W4324340231","https://openalex.org/W4324387439","https://openalex.org/W4327681325","https://openalex.org/W4327946446","https://openalex.org/W4328049700","https://openalex.org/W4360604303","https://openalex.org/W4362597616","https://openalex.org/W4365458667","https://openalex.org/W4367173667","https://openalex.org/W4376866708","https://openalex.org/W4378603221","https://openalex.org/W4380322382","https://openalex.org/W4381309537","https://openalex.org/W4382182493","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385276887","https://openalex.org/W4385573478","https://openalex.org/W4385798548","https://openalex.org/W4385827193","https://openalex.org/W4386757283","https://openalex.org/W4386945021","https://openalex.org/W4387566137","https://openalex.org/W4387596206","https://openalex.org/W4388033537","https://openalex.org/W4388237833","https://openalex.org/W4389047577","https://openalex.org/W4398166244","https://openalex.org/W4402037259","https://openalex.org/W6768021236","https://openalex.org/W6803557570","https://openalex.org/W6850312366","https://openalex.org/W6850929852","https://openalex.org/W6857031116","https://openalex.org/W6857602511","https://openalex.org/W7073828114"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386106790","https://openalex.org/W2171114985","https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W3121336575","https://openalex.org/W3123696707","https://openalex.org/W3125950882","https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W4386639330","https://openalex.org/W4246396837"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,133],"recent":[1],"release":[2,181],"of":[3,10,44,47,104,110,118,182,194],"ChatGPT,":[4],"a":[5,19,30,36,41,56,101,156,192],"chat":[6],"bot":[7],"research":[8],"project/product":[9],"natural":[11],"language":[12],"processing":[13],"(NLP)":[14],"by":[15,73,211],"OpenAI,":[16],"stirs":[17],"up":[18],"sensation":[20],"among":[21],"both":[22],"the":[23,45,52,69,96,108,115,149,163,168,176,179,225],"general":[24,53,124],"public":[25,54],"and":[26,78,155,166,196],"medical":[27,121],"professionals,":[28],"amassing":[29],"phenomenally":[31],"large":[32,134],"user":[33],"base":[34],"in":[35,63,112,120,191],"short":[37],"time.":[38],"This":[39,98],"is":[40,86,139,173,197,205],"typical":[42],"example":[43],"'productization'":[46],"cutting-edge":[48],"technologies,":[49],"which":[50],"allows":[51],"without":[55],"technical":[57],"background":[58],"to":[59,68,92,141,161,228],"gain":[60],"firsthand":[61],"experience":[62],"artificial":[64],"intelligence":[65],"(AI),":[66],"similar":[67],"AI":[70],"hype":[71],"created":[72],"AlphaGo":[74],"(DeepMind":[75],"Technologies,":[76],"UK)":[77],"self-driving":[79],"cars":[80],"(Google,":[81],"Tesla,":[82],"etc.).":[83],"However,":[84],"it":[85,204],"crucial,":[87],"especially":[88],"for":[89,123,199,208,230],"healthcare":[90,126],"researchers,":[91],"remain":[93],"prudent":[94],"amidst":[95],"hype.":[97],"work":[99],"provides":[100],"systematic":[102],"review":[103,177],"existing":[105],"publications":[106],"on":[107,145,220],"use":[109],"ChatGPT":[111,119,183],"healthcare,":[113],"elucidating":[114],"'status":[116],"quo'":[117],"applications,":[122],"readers,":[125],"professionals":[127],"as":[128,130],"well":[129],"NLP":[131,217],"scientists.":[132],"biomedical":[135],"literature":[136],"database":[137],"PubMed":[138],"used":[140],"retrieve":[142],"published":[143],"works":[144],"this":[146],"topic":[147],"using":[148],"keyword":[150],"'ChatGPT'.":[151],"An":[152],"inclusion":[153],"criterion":[154],"taxonomy":[157],"are":[158],"further":[159],"proposed":[160],"filter":[162],"search":[164],"results":[165],"categorize":[167],"selected":[169],"publications,":[170],"respectively.":[171],"It":[172],"found":[174],"through":[175],"that":[178,215],"current":[180],"has":[184],"achieved":[185],"only":[186],"moderate":[187],"or":[188],"'passing'":[189],"performance":[190],"variety":[193],"tests,":[195],"unreliable":[198],"actual":[200],"clinical":[201,209,232],"deployment,":[202],"since":[203],"not":[206],"intended":[207],"applications":[210],"design.":[212],"We":[213],"conclude":[214],"specialized":[216],"models":[218],"trained":[219],"(bio)medical":[221],"datasets":[222],"still":[223],"represent":[224],"right":[226],"direction":[227],"pursue":[229],"critical":[231],"applications.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":149},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":159},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2024-01-22T00:00:00"}
