{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390978046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2024.141007","title":"Levant Drought Occurrence, Lebanon Case","display_name":"Levant Drought Occurrence, Lebanon Case","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390978046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2024.141007"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/acs.2024.141007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2024.141007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2024.141007","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=130585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223912","display_name":"Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","issn_l":"2160-0414","issn":["2160-0414","2160-0422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=130585","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038921980","display_name":"Ihab Jomaa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-4447","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9513-4447"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154502","display_name":"Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0499qn039","country_code":"LB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154502"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ihab Jomaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Irrigation and AgroMeteorology (DIAM) of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI), Tal Amara, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Irrigation and AgroMeteorology (DIAM) of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI), Tal Amara, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154502"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092864283","display_name":"Mariam Choker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9528-877X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9528-877X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154502","display_name":"Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0499qn039","country_code":"LB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154502"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam Choker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Irrigation and AgroMeteorology (DIAM) of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI), Tal Amara, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Irrigation and AgroMeteorology (DIAM) of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI), Tal Amara, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154502"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087012668","display_name":"Nisrine El Haj","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154502","display_name":"Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0499qn039","country_code":"LB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154502"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nisrine El Haj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Irrigation and AgroMeteorology (DIAM) of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI), Tal Amara, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Irrigation and AgroMeteorology (DIAM) of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI), Tal Amara, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154502"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022149449","display_name":"Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Abi Saab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-6954","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-6954"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154502","display_name":"Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0499qn039","country_code":"LB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154502"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marie Therese Abi Saab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Climate and Water Unit, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Climate and Water Unit, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154502"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035984841","display_name":"Matteo Funaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1413-2170","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1413-2170"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111827","display_name":"CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change","ror":"https://ror.org/01tf11a61","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111827"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Funaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","CMCC-Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, IAFES Division, Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMCC-Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, IAFES Division, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049191660","display_name":"Simone Mereu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6314-3338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6314-3338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111827","display_name":"CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change","ror":"https://ror.org/01tf11a61","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111827"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Mereu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMCC-Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, IAFES Division, Sassari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMCC-Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici, IAFES Division, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3583,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47275676,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"01","first_page":"118","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought-occurrence","display_name":"drought occurrence","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-precipitation-index","display_name":"Standardized Precipitation Index","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-variability","display_name":"rainfall variability","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-rainfall-data","display_name":"historical rainfall data","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-gaps","display_name":"data gaps","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beirut","display_name":"Beirut","score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lebanon","display_name":"Lebanon","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-years","display_name":"dry years","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-security","display_name":"water security","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-impacts-on-precipitation","display_name":"climate change impacts on precipitation","score":0.6790000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5253738164901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.40563496947288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.35324734449386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2630797028541565}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4236/acs.2024.141007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2024.141007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2024.141007","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=130585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223912","display_name":"Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","issn_l":"2160-0414","issn":["2160-0414","2160-0422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/acs.2024.141007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2024.141007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2024.141007","pdf_url":"http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=130585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223912","display_name":"Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","issn_l":"2160-0414","issn":["2160-0414","2160-0422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Atmospheric and Climate Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.9732999801635742}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390978046.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390978046.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002486217","https://openalex.org/W2128168999","https://openalex.org/W2169245074","https://openalex.org/W2339665941","https://openalex.org/W2384384385","https://openalex.org/W2506625624","https://openalex.org/W2961747277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3118486871","https://openalex.org/W2384384385","https://openalex.org/W4221084999","https://openalex.org/W2569214685","https://openalex.org/W3082481887","https://openalex.org/W4390592022","https://openalex.org/W6989289738","https://openalex.org/W3145461848","https://openalex.org/W3198930140","https://openalex.org/W6931776970"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rainfall":[0],"data":[1,25,31,37,41,57,63,207],"is":[2,32,42,64,222],"probably":[3],"one":[4,36],"of":[5,16,110,113,132,141,185,192,200,203],"the":[6,13,18,29,50,62,78,86,111,114,120,142,198,236,242],"longest-recorded":[7],"climatic":[8],"parameters":[9],"in":[10,26,44,119,152,244,254],"Lebanon.":[11],"On":[12],"central":[14],"coast":[15],"Lebanon,":[17],"Beirut":[19],"weather":[20],"station":[21],"started":[22],"collecting":[23],"rainfall":[24,206,245,255],"1876.":[27],"However,":[28],"recorded":[30,212],"not":[33,259],"available":[34],"at":[35,204],"provider":[38],"source.":[39],"Published":[40],"found":[43,70],"historical":[45],"documents":[46],"but":[47,66],"it":[48,67,169,209],"reaches":[49],"early":[51],"1970s":[52],"and":[53,89,104,135,174,208,229,240],"then":[54],"appears":[55],"a":[56,129,183,214,226,252],"gap":[58],"till":[59],"1990.":[60],"Still":[61],"available,":[65],"might":[68,150],"be":[69,72,211],"to":[71,98,158,234],"saved":[73],"privately.":[74],"This":[75,195],"study":[76,196],"investigated":[77],"SPI":[79,92],"variability":[80],"on":[81,213,219,225],"annual":[82],"time":[83],"scale":[84],"between":[85,102,156],"years":[87,115,137,145,149,155,160,168,181,188],"1876":[88,103],"2021.":[90,105],"The":[91,106,123,178],"was":[93,170],"computed":[94],"using":[95],"R-Stat":[96],"software":[97],"compare":[99],"every":[100],"year":[101],"majority":[107],"(about":[108],"70%":[109],"years)":[112],"are":[116],"near":[117,172],"normal":[118,130,173],"precipitation":[121],"rate.":[122],"Standardized":[124],"Precipitation":[125],"Index":[126],"(SPI)":[127],"demonstrated":[128,197],"distribution":[131],"years.":[133,177,194],"Dry":[134],"wet":[136,167,193],"constitute":[138],"about":[139],"15%":[140],"total":[143],"146":[144],"(1876-2021).":[146],"Extremely":[147],"dry":[148,176],"appear":[151,260],"two":[153],"consecutive":[154],"50":[157],"60":[159],"count.":[161],"After":[162],"1991,":[163],"there":[164],"were":[165],"no":[166],"only":[171],"few":[175],"last":[179],"30":[180],"showed":[182],"trend":[184],"increasing":[186],"drought":[187,237],"without":[189,261],"any":[190],"occurrence":[191,239],"importance":[199],"keeping":[201],"records":[202],"least":[205],"must":[210],"daily":[215],"basis":[216,228],"or":[217],"intensity":[218],"time.":[220],"It":[221],"highly":[223],"important":[224],"managerial":[227],"for":[230],"water":[231],"security":[232],"reasons":[233],"understand":[235],"event":[238],"investigate":[241],"changes":[243],"rates.":[246],"Climate":[247],"change":[248],"scenarios":[249],"always":[250],"forecast":[251],"decrease":[253],"rates":[256],"which":[257],"will":[258],"such":[262],"studies.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-01-19T00:00:00"}
