{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390967277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867449.003.0002","title":"The Problem of Self-Observation","display_name":"The Problem of Self-Observation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390967277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867449.003.0002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867449.003.0002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867449.003.0002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867449.003.0002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Introspection","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390967249","display_name":"Introspection"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037408510","display_name":"Maja Spener","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2119-3326","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2119-3326"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maja Spener","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037408510"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02238806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"19","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-reflection","display_name":"self-reflection","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-observation","display_name":"self-observation","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/introspective-method","display_name":"introspective method","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auguste-comte","display_name":"Auguste Comte","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/introspectionism","display_name":"introspectionism","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/introspective-access","display_name":"introspective access","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methodological-considerations","display_name":"methodological considerations","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-psychology","display_name":"history of psychology","score":0.8289999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129671850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210501","display_name":"Introspection","level":2,"score":0.9797039031982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329777","display_name":"Appeal","level":2,"score":0.7171118855476379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.6942721009254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6007422804832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.564143717288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4298554062843323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.42378681898117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4115928113460541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32737675309181213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.29269105195999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17203637957572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16419637203216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10018613934516907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09484153985977173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780198867449.003.0002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867449.003.0002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867449.003.0002","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Introspection","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":146,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28303230","https://openalex.org/W39121254","https://openalex.org/W61883956","https://openalex.org/W109109441","https://openalex.org/W132692629","https://openalex.org/W141877818","https://openalex.org/W194068755","https://openalex.org/W200876685","https://openalex.org/W251499121","https://openalex.org/W410724835","https://openalex.org/W496071486","https://openalex.org/W576774741","https://openalex.org/W614771146","https://openalex.org/W1480367422","https://openalex.org/W1506833703","https://openalex.org/W1522063008","https://openalex.org/W1548912413","https://openalex.org/W1549587997","https://openalex.org/W1556096785","https://openalex.org/W1557100856","https://openalex.org/W1560005003","https://openalex.org/W1561778405","https://openalex.org/W1566789806","https://openalex.org/W1570230948","https://openalex.org/W1598182466","https://openalex.org/W1608544732","https://openalex.org/W1729156458","https://openalex.org/W1787570161","https://openalex.org/W1898014694","https://openalex.org/W1964675545","https://openalex.org/W1966327184","https://openalex.org/W1981011476","https://openalex.org/W1983849191","https://openalex.org/W1984799141","https://openalex.org/W1991139021","https://openalex.org/W1991418004","https://openalex.org/W1999966370","https://openalex.org/W2000675797","https://openalex.org/W2000803197","https://openalex.org/W2011293440","https://openalex.org/W2017179143","https://openalex.org/W2017650901","https://openalex.org/W2021357872","https://openalex.org/W2035415591","https://openalex.org/W2035834232","https://openalex.org/W2039968430","https://openalex.org/W2040704888","https://openalex.org/W2046424786","https://openalex.org/W2048568260","https://openalex.org/W2048902321","https://openalex.org/W2049909590","https://openalex.org/W2050234634","https://openalex.org/W2052500116","https://openalex.org/W2063558000","https://openalex.org/W2070729636","https://openalex.org/W2073009897","https://openalex.org/W2073679965","https://openalex.org/W2077208255","https://openalex.org/W2079646033","https://openalex.org/W2081965739","https://openalex.org/W2083815963","https://openalex.org/W2087324888","https://openalex.org/W2091260186","https://openalex.org/W2093777520","https://openalex.org/W2106977041","https://openalex.org/W2109989336","https://openalex.org/W2111898826","https://openalex.org/W2112845172","https://openalex.org/W2118375263","https://openalex.org/W2124987269","https://openalex.org/W2133922515","https://openalex.org/W2136792723","https://openalex.org/W2136868000","https://openalex.org/W2136929306","https://openalex.org/W2137592880","https://openalex.org/W2139065987","https://openalex.org/W2142525698","https://openalex.org/W2142680372","https://openalex.org/W2149095485","https://openalex.org/W2154336621","https://openalex.org/W2154380314","https://openalex.org/W2158562456","https://openalex.org/W2160342118","https://openalex.org/W2160534689","https://openalex.org/W2160719354","https://openalex.org/W2164446969","https://openalex.org/W2166023312","https://openalex.org/W2171052067","https://openalex.org/W2202736112","https://openalex.org/W2215804359","https://openalex.org/W2298615845","https://openalex.org/W2302390677","https://openalex.org/W2315867072","https://openalex.org/W2316000146","https://openalex.org/W2327713703","https://openalex.org/W2331227228","https://openalex.org/W2331613937","https://openalex.org/W2332774326","https://openalex.org/W2336630210","https://openalex.org/W2340423067","https://openalex.org/W2346063201","https://openalex.org/W2399639991","https://openalex.org/W2413608511","https://openalex.org/W2467695852","https://openalex.org/W2470989455","https://openalex.org/W2501841008","https://openalex.org/W2521486240","https://openalex.org/W2524974234","https://openalex.org/W2527034273","https://openalex.org/W2529745415","https://openalex.org/W2548763247","https://openalex.org/W2591758751","https://openalex.org/W2598639751","https://openalex.org/W2603442849","https://openalex.org/W2791193161","https://openalex.org/W2804751651","https://openalex.org/W2895204597","https://openalex.org/W2921629193","https://openalex.org/W2938025332","https://openalex.org/W2953219509","https://openalex.org/W2965752798","https://openalex.org/W2973157818","https://openalex.org/W3013847713","https://openalex.org/W3037155048","https://openalex.org/W3087842287","https://openalex.org/W3088045382","https://openalex.org/W3126302438","https://openalex.org/W3144552335","https://openalex.org/W3152539791","https://openalex.org/W3196752717","https://openalex.org/W3205035864","https://openalex.org/W4200317276","https://openalex.org/W4200514406","https://openalex.org/W4230066411","https://openalex.org/W4230753874","https://openalex.org/W4232347407","https://openalex.org/W4234048930","https://openalex.org/W4234863607","https://openalex.org/W4235770514","https://openalex.org/W4238746673","https://openalex.org/W4243301868","https://openalex.org/W4251395411","https://openalex.org/W4252676832","https://openalex.org/W4252876204","https://openalex.org/W4297895198","https://openalex.org/W4303415360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7162125210","https://openalex.org/W4243936002","https://openalex.org/W3028084667","https://openalex.org/W2254500349","https://openalex.org/W4417215626","https://openalex.org/W2910439032","https://openalex.org/W4243663236","https://openalex.org/W4304689809","https://openalex.org/W2344367222","https://openalex.org/W178200198"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,131],"chapter":[2,64],"provides":[3],"an":[4,125],"overview":[5],"of":[6,8,15,36,74,79,92,100,115,128,136,142,145],"some":[7,78],"the":[9,13,34,45,66,72,80,90,101,106,110,129,133,137,143,146],"main":[10,81],"developments":[11],"in":[12,18,83,124],"use":[14],"introspective":[16,31,116],"methods":[17,32],"early":[19,84,147],"experimental":[20],"psychology":[21],"(mainly":[22],"1860-1920).":[23],"During":[24],"this":[25,75],"period,":[26],"a":[27],"key":[28],"concern":[29],"about":[30],"was":[33,49],"problem":[35,91],"self-observation,":[37],"namely":[38],"that":[39,98],"introspecting":[40],"experience":[41],"distorts":[42],"or":[43],"destroys":[44],"target":[46],"experience.":[47],"It":[48],"raised":[50],"prominently":[51],"by":[52],"Auguste":[53],"Comte":[54],"and":[55,118,141],"dominated":[56],"methodological":[57],"discussion":[58],"among":[59,77,105],"so-called":[60],"\u2018introspectionist":[61],"psychologists\u2019.":[62],"The":[63],"applies":[65],"proposed":[67,139],"framework":[68,140],"to":[69,89,112],"set":[70],"out":[71],"flow":[73],"debate":[76],"figures":[82],"psychology,":[85],"presenting":[86],"their":[87],"responses":[88,108],"self-observation.":[93],"Doing":[94],"so":[95],"makes":[96],"clear":[97],"one":[99],"most":[102],"salient":[103],"differences":[104],"different":[107,113],"is":[109],"appeal":[111],"modes":[114],"access":[117],"how":[119],"these":[120],"are":[121],"best":[122],"exploited":[123],"empirical":[126],"investigation":[127],"mind.":[130],"shows":[132],"value":[134],"both":[135],"book\u2019s":[138],"insights":[144],"psychologists.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2024-01-19T00:00:00"}