{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390908902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000224","title":"An analysis of terrorist attack perpetrators in England and Wales: Comparing lone actors, lone dyads, and group actors.","display_name":"An analysis of terrorist attack perpetrators in England and Wales: Comparing lone actors, lone dyads, and group actors.","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390908902","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037/tam0000224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175643","display_name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","issn_l":"2169-4842","issn":["2169-4842","2169-4850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/39556/3/Kenyon%20Binder%20Baker-Beall%20Attackers%20Manuscript%20FINAL%20PREPRINT.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056139039","display_name":"Jonathan Kenyon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-523X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-523X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I662221","display_name":"Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ygmq230","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I662221"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Kenyon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trent University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5122-523X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I662221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072404376","display_name":"Jens F. Binder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-7109","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-7109"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I662221","display_name":"Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ygmq230","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I662221"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens F. Binder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trent University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1083-7109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I662221"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025864077","display_name":"Christopher Baker\u2010Beall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-4463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-4463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","display_name":"Bournemouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wwcw481","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Baker-Beall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bournemouth University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-4463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bournemouth University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2292,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86846671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"23","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14110","display_name":"Islamic Studies and Radicalism","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13428","display_name":"Anarchism and Radical Politics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lone-actors","display_name":"lone actors","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"mental health","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideological-orientation","display_name":"ideological orientation","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamist-extremism","display_name":"Islamic extremism","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-radicalization","display_name":"online radicalization","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"risk assessment","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterterrorism","display_name":"counterterrorism","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/england-and-wales","display_name":"England and Wales","score":0.8970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.7231084108352661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.624653160572052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.5160571932792664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.44298121333122253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4290660619735718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42661482095718384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33521121740341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.25772422552108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037/tam0000224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/tam0000224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175643","display_name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","issn_l":"2169-4842","issn":["2169-4842","2169-4850"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irep.ntu.ac.uk:50769","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/50769/1/1856333_Binder.pdf","pdf_url":"https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/50769/1/1856333_Binder.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400559","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","host_organization_name":"Nottingham Trent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk:39556","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/39556/3/Kenyon%20Binder%20Baker-Beall%20Attackers%20Manuscript%20FINAL%20PREPRINT.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/39556/3/Kenyon%20Binder%20Baker-Beall%20Attackers%20Manuscript%20FINAL%20PREPRINT.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400187","display_name":"Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","host_organization_name":"Bournemouth University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk:39556","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/39556/3/Kenyon%20Binder%20Baker-Beall%20Attackers%20Manuscript%20FINAL%20PREPRINT.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/39556/3/Kenyon%20Binder%20Baker-Beall%20Attackers%20Manuscript%20FINAL%20PREPRINT.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400187","display_name":"Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9300472","host_organization_name":"Bournemouth University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9300472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390908902.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390908902.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1830338848","https://openalex.org/W1937182665","https://openalex.org/W1977127823","https://openalex.org/W2012858733","https://openalex.org/W2026804374","https://openalex.org/W2049188297","https://openalex.org/W2054307418","https://openalex.org/W2066403976","https://openalex.org/W2173810236","https://openalex.org/W2342479682","https://openalex.org/W2343844666","https://openalex.org/W2344080985","https://openalex.org/W2413115788","https://openalex.org/W2514637179","https://openalex.org/W2727008729","https://openalex.org/W2732628767","https://openalex.org/W2766908102","https://openalex.org/W2778209423","https://openalex.org/W2779468166","https://openalex.org/W2920824149","https://openalex.org/W2980349953","https://openalex.org/W2992493841","https://openalex.org/W2994049625","https://openalex.org/W3034056276","https://openalex.org/W3093213030","https://openalex.org/W3111332318","https://openalex.org/W3122562658","https://openalex.org/W3135417992","https://openalex.org/W4224319692","https://openalex.org/W4239440236","https://openalex.org/W4248038175","https://openalex.org/W4304845816","https://openalex.org/W4308198561","https://openalex.org/W4380486229"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4304845816","https://openalex.org/W2943208694","https://openalex.org/W4380486229","https://openalex.org/W4242937476","https://openalex.org/W2992493841","https://openalex.org/W1977127823","https://openalex.org/W7095856028","https://openalex.org/W2796483296","https://openalex.org/W2316782054","https://openalex.org/W2066403976"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three":[0],"types":[1],"of":[2,15,19,58,67,127,183,191],"terrorist":[3],"attackers,":[4],"sentenced":[5],"between":[6,178],"1983":[7],"and":[8,24,38,56,78,158,164,201],"2021,":[9],"were":[10,27,41,61,81,101,117,176],"compared":[11,42],"using":[12],"a":[13,123,168],"sample":[14],"143":[16],"individuals":[17],"convicted":[18],"extremist":[20],"offenses":[21],"in":[22,43,109,111,155,181],"England":[23],"Wales.":[25],"Attackers":[26,94],"classified":[28],"as":[29,122],"either":[30],"lone":[31,33,76,79,162,165],"actors,":[32,37],"dyads,":[34,166],"or":[35,108],"group":[36,92,143],"these":[39],"groups":[40,180],"relation":[44],"to":[45,85,104,113,120,150],"sociodemographics,":[46],"ideological":[47],"affiliation,":[48],"mental":[49,88],"health":[50,89],"status,":[51],"online":[52],"activities,":[53],"plot":[54],"characteristics,":[55],"assessments":[57,182],"risk.":[59],"Data":[60],"obtained":[62],"from":[63],"coding":[64],"the":[65,97,138],"content":[66],"specialist":[68],"risk":[69,184],"assessment":[70],"reports.":[71],"Key":[72],"findings":[73],"include":[74],"that":[75],"actors":[77,163],"dyads":[80],"significantly":[82],"more":[83,102,118],"likely":[84,103,119],"present":[86],"with":[87,96],"issues":[90],"than":[91],"actors.":[93],"affiliated":[95],"extreme":[98],"right":[99],"wing":[100],"commit":[105],"attacks":[106,132],"alone":[107],"pairs,":[110],"contrast":[112],"Islamist":[114],"extremists":[115],"who":[116],"attack":[121,159],"group.":[124],"In":[125],"terms":[126],"trends":[128],"over":[129],"time,":[130],"lone-actor":[131],"have":[133],"become":[134],"increasingly":[135],"prominent,":[136],"while":[137],"opposite":[139],"is":[140],"true":[141],"for":[142,161,171],"attacks.":[144],"The":[145],"internet":[146],"was":[147],"also":[148],"found":[149,177],"play":[151],"an":[152,188],"important":[153],"role":[154,170],"radicalization":[156],"pathways":[157],"preparation":[160],"but":[167],"lesser":[169],"group-based":[172],"attackers.":[173],"No":[174],"differences":[175],"attacker":[179,194],"by":[185],"professionals.":[186],"Gaining":[187],"increased":[189],"understanding":[190],"those":[192],"assuming":[193],"roles":[195],"can":[196],"help":[197],"guide":[198],"counterterrorism":[199],"approaches":[200],"future":[202],"policy.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2024-01-17T00:00:00"}
