{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390723916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","title":"Diminished diversity-of-thought in a standard large language model","display_name":"Diminished diversity-of-thought in a standard large language model","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390723916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38194165","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11335848"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137478622","display_name":"Behavior Research Methods","issn_l":"1554-351X","issn":["1554-351X","1554-3528"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behavior Research Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087342854","display_name":"Peter Seho Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6532-0529","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6532-0529"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peter S. Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, MIT, 70 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, MIT, 70 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038559641","display_name":"Philipp Schoenegger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-487X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-487X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Sch\u00f6negger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Management, London School of Economics, Marshall Building, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, England, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-487X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, London School of Economics, Marshall Building, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, England, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109672913","display_name":"Chongyang Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115892","display_name":"CVS Health (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02jfw4p72","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115892"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongyang Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CVS Health, 1 CVS Dr., Woonsocket, RI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CVS Health, 1 CVS Dr., Woonsocket, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087342854"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"fwci":13.838,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":146,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99375631,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"6","first_page":"5754","last_page":"5770"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8105000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8105000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.09179999679327011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-3-5","display_name":"GPT-3.5","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"replication","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-orientation","display_name":"political orientation","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-foundations-theory","display_name":"moral foundations","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-conservatism","display_name":"political conservatism","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-preferences","display_name":"economic preferences","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-judgment","display_name":"moral judgment","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-of-thought","display_name":"diversity of thought","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-registered-analysis","display_name":"pre-registered analysis","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5786574482917786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5021748542785645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.46077674627304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4515678882598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.42828595638275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775957009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q399495","display_name":"Standard language","level":2,"score":0.42694446444511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4142618775367737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13504528999328613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.131779283285141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007802","descriptor_name":"Language","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009014","descriptor_name":"Morals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011057","descriptor_name":"Politics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012942","descriptor_name":"Social Sciences","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013850","descriptor_name":"Thinking","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137478622","display_name":"Behavior Research Methods","issn_l":"1554-351X","issn":["1554-351X","1554-3528"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behavior Research Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/rva3w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rva3w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rva3w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11335848","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11335848","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11335848/pdf/13428_2023_Article_2307.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behav Res Methods","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38194165","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38194165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behavior research methods","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:121403","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-487X>","pdf_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/121403/1/Schoenegger_diminished_diversity_of_thought_published.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:121403","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9930-487X>","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/121403/1/Schoenegger_diminished_diversity_of_thought_published.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2302.07267","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07267","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.07267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/153319","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/153319","pdf_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/153319/1/13428_2023_Article_2307.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Springer US","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:1fd8a8b1-97a7-42f4-8fae-5596fa645c10","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/rva3w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E017C-866-2B2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://osf.io/rva3w/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.07267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.07267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2302.07267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/s13428-023-02307-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137478622","display_name":"Behavior Research Methods","issn_l":"1554-351X","issn":["1554-351X","1554-3528"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Behavior Research Methods","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309369","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312710","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317087","display_name":"CVS Health","ror":"https://ror.org/02jfw4p72"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390723916.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390723916.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641003075","https://openalex.org/W1878893887","https://openalex.org/W1988887257","https://openalex.org/W2016125673","https://openalex.org/W2035782089","https://openalex.org/W2083799309","https://openalex.org/W2085876742","https://openalex.org/W2088424126","https://openalex.org/W2088614984","https://openalex.org/W2096452841","https://openalex.org/W2096910467","https://openalex.org/W2111033106","https://openalex.org/W2112818819","https://openalex.org/W2119432837","https://openalex.org/W2125302733","https://openalex.org/W2129015869","https://openalex.org/W2133707153","https://openalex.org/W2158547509","https://openalex.org/W2312380053","https://openalex.org/W2550925836","https://openalex.org/W2776961836","https://openalex.org/W2898883664","https://openalex.org/W2969615692","https://openalex.org/W2969896603","https://openalex.org/W2969958763","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W3013207429","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3121819056","https://openalex.org/W3126001372","https://openalex.org/W3206593531","https://openalex.org/W4292947474","https://openalex.org/W4304208382","https://openalex.org/W4313559133","https://openalex.org/W4317552966","https://openalex.org/W4318919287","https://openalex.org/W4319984852","https://openalex.org/W4321455981","https://openalex.org/W4322720178","https://openalex.org/W4323042470","https://openalex.org/W4323043839","https://openalex.org/W4360836968","https://openalex.org/W4363624465","https://openalex.org/W4376117416","https://openalex.org/W4380763235","https://openalex.org/W4385573216","https://openalex.org/W4404782670","https://openalex.org/W4404782817","https://openalex.org/W6809680140","https://openalex.org/W6845846432","https://openalex.org/W7126372619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321102425","https://openalex.org/W7163089034","https://openalex.org/W4397011890","https://openalex.org/W7203823016","https://openalex.org/W4399198776","https://openalex.org/W4407792530","https://openalex.org/W7214567349","https://openalex.org/W4417280481","https://openalex.org/W4412151072","https://openalex.org/W7155565803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"test":[1],"whether":[2],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"can":[7],"be":[8,252],"used":[9],"to":[10,77,84,135,157,254],"simulate":[11],"human":[12,235],"participants":[13,236],"in":[14,115,171,190,199,204,237],"social-science":[15],"studies.":[16],"To":[17],"do":[18],"this,":[19],"we":[20,46,53,74,88,127,146,182],"ran":[21],"replications":[22],"of":[23,61,67,96,161,165,174,192,201,227,258],"14":[24],"studies":[25,52,82],"from":[26],"the":[27,50,62,68,79,90,118,137,142,159,175,193,202,205,225,238],"Many":[28,69],"Labs":[29,70],"2":[30,71],"replication":[31,173],"project":[32],"with":[33,110,117],"OpenAI's":[34],"text-davinci-003":[35],"model,":[36],"colloquially":[37],"known":[38],"as":[39,186,196,230],"GPT-3.5.":[40],"Based":[41],"on":[42,224],"our":[43,56,166,172],"pre-registered":[44],"analyses,":[45],"find":[47],"that":[48,129,140,148,246],"among":[49],"eight":[51],"could":[54],"analyse,":[55],"GPT":[57],"sample":[58],"replicated":[59],"37.5%":[60,66],"original":[63],"results":[64,221,242],"and":[65,107,195,213],"results.":[72],"However,":[73,208],"were":[75,155],"unable":[76],"analyse":[78],"remaining":[80],"six":[81],"due":[83],"an":[85],"unexpected":[86],"phenomenon":[87],"call":[89],"\"correct":[91,120,131,153],"answer\"":[92,132],"effect.":[93],"Different":[94],"runs":[95],"GPT-3.5":[97,184],"answered":[98],"nuanced":[99],"questions":[100],"probing":[101],"political":[102,188],"orientation,":[103],"economic":[104],"preference,":[105],"judgement,":[106],"moral":[108,218],"philosophy":[109],"zero":[111],"or":[112],"near-zero":[113],"variation":[114],"responses:":[116],"supposedly":[119],"answer.\"":[121],"In":[122,144],"one":[123],"exploratory":[124],"follow-up":[125],"study,":[126],"found":[128,147,183],"a":[130,187,197,231,247,255],"was":[133],"robust":[134,156],"changing":[136,158],"demographic":[138],"details":[139],"precede":[141],"prompt.":[143],"another,":[145],"most":[149,167],"but":[150],"not":[151],"all":[152],"answers\"":[154],"order":[160],"answer":[162],"choices.":[163],"One":[164],"striking":[168],"findings":[169],"occurred":[170],"Moral":[176],"Foundations":[177],"Theory":[178],"survey":[179],"results,":[180],"where":[181],"identifying":[185],"conservative":[189],"99.6%":[191],"cases,":[194],"liberal":[198],"99.3%":[200],"cases":[203],"reverse-order":[206],"condition.":[207],"both":[209],"self-reported":[210],"'GPT":[211,214],"conservatives'":[212],"liberals'":[215],"showed":[216],"right-leaning":[217],"foundations.":[219],"Our":[220,241],"cast":[222],"doubts":[223],"validity":[226],"using":[228],"LLMs":[229],"general":[232],"replacement":[233],"for":[234],"social":[239],"sciences.":[240],"also":[243],"raise":[244],"concerns":[245],"hypothetical":[248],"AI-led":[249],"future":[250],"may":[251],"subject":[253],"diminished":[256],"diversity":[257],"thought.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2024-01-13T00:00:00"}
