{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390591007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557","title":"The Effects of Weight Quantization on Online Federated Learning for the IoT: A Case Study","display_name":"The Effects of Weight Quantization on Online Federated Learning for the IoT: A Case Study","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390591007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3349557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10380565.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10380565.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020022537","display_name":"Nil Llisterri Gim\u00e9nez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1896-2868","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1896-2868"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nil Llisterri Gim\u00e9nez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Architecture, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain","Department of Computer Architecture, Technical University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1896-2868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture, Technical University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078925783","display_name":"Junkyu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-5116","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-5116","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2566-5790","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0202-4756"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junkyu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Analytics and Data Science, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-5116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Analytics and Data Science, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066864067","display_name":"F\u00e8lix Freitag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5438-479X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5438-479X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Freitag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Architecture, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain","Department of Computer Architecture, Technical University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5438-479X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Architecture, Technical University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086758775","display_name":"Hans Vandierendonck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-9259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-9259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans Vandierendonck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-9259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"apc_paid":{"value":1995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1995},"fwci":2.0045,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87955697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"5490","last_page":"5502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weight-quantization","display_name":"weight quantization","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tinyml","display_name":"TinyML","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-bandwidth-reduction","display_name":"communication bandwidth reduction","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"energy consumption","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"overfitting","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-spotting","display_name":"keyword spotting","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network-size","display_name":"neural network size","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8052072525024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7081128358840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6798789501190186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36064648628234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.32824358344078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24798154830932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.13474440574645996}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3349557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10380565.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.essex.ac.uk:37521","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557","pdf_url":"https://repository.essex.ac.uk/37521/1/The_Effects_of_Weight_Quantization_on_Online_Federated_Learning_for_the_IoT_A_Case_Study.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401236","display_name":"Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","host_organization_name":"University of Essex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/402637","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/402637","pdf_url":"https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/6aa636d7-0384-4dc9-b1d3-bbeabc973146/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/f4f5329a-f16e-4a49-b55b-17d2b289246a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/619955740/The_Effects_of_Weight_Quantization_on_Online_Federated_Learning_for_the_IoT_A_Case_Study.pdf","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/619955740/The_Effects_of_Weight_Quantization_on_Online_Federated_Learning_for_the_IoT_A_Case_Study.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gimenez, N L, Lee, J, Freitag, F & Vandierendonck, H 2024, 'The effects of weight quantization on online federated learning for the IoT: a case study', IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 5490-5502. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3349557","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d7f3178eb1934215955a42380cb29836","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d7f3178eb1934215955a42380cb29836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 5490-5502 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2024.3349557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3349557","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10380565.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1869550644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019-106774RB-C21","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4121297948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCI2019-111850-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338463","funder_display_name":"CHIST-ERA"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G434337789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HORIZON2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4906119986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021-SGR-01059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","funder_display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6011065592","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PCI2019-111850-2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7425137858","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","funder_display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7752907213","display_name":"DiPET: Distributed Stream Processing on Fog and Edge Systems via Transprecise Computing","funder_award_id":"EP/T022345/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8030676201","display_name":"Architecture for Scalable, Self-*, human-centric, Intelligent, Secure, and Tactile next generation IoT","funder_award_id":"957258","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/01bg62x04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/003x0zc53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338463","display_name":"CHIST-ERA","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390591007.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390591007.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032572332","https://openalex.org/W2076118331","https://openalex.org/W2156876426","https://openalex.org/W2492794003","https://openalex.org/W2535838896","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W2547352193","https://openalex.org/W2563860341","https://openalex.org/W2605111905","https://openalex.org/W2763421725","https://openalex.org/W2769644379","https://openalex.org/W2807006176","https://openalex.org/W2901111720","https://openalex.org/W2901541570","https://openalex.org/W2918777711","https://openalex.org/W2947629474","https://openalex.org/W2975043678","https://openalex.org/W2991236681","https://openalex.org/W3008906732","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3088682211","https://openalex.org/W3093828967","https://openalex.org/W3096106062","https://openalex.org/W3136022984","https://openalex.org/W3155912831","https://openalex.org/W3169802551","https://openalex.org/W3170776968","https://openalex.org/W3194088753","https://openalex.org/W3196077236","https://openalex.org/W3196371845","https://openalex.org/W3199421948","https://openalex.org/W3216221236","https://openalex.org/W4206425359","https://openalex.org/W4210758839","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4213348099","https://openalex.org/W4221142408","https://openalex.org/W4229064837","https://openalex.org/W4283732345","https://openalex.org/W4285007242","https://openalex.org/W4290003882","https://openalex.org/W4312399099","https://openalex.org/W4312791581","https://openalex.org/W4320497693","https://openalex.org/W4324142375","https://openalex.org/W4380434592","https://openalex.org/W6753770798","https://openalex.org/W6763653508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7222885255","https://openalex.org/W4312441490","https://openalex.org/W4385569560","https://openalex.org/W7138918205","https://openalex.org/W4389476336","https://openalex.org/W4406263345","https://openalex.org/W7212125195","https://openalex.org/W7141555508","https://openalex.org/W7204529763","https://openalex.org/W4408819658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"weight":[1,30,95,121,158,213,238],"quantization":[2,31,96,122,159,214,239],"approaches":[3],"were":[4],"explored":[5],"to":[6,56,118,123,174,188,237],"save":[7],"the":[8,12,15,44,47,52,80,92,120,171,185,233,244],"communication":[9,53,105,195],"bandwidth":[10,196],"between":[11],"clients":[13,143],"and":[14,51,62,109,112],"server":[16],"in":[17,79,97,99,153,164,206],"federated":[18,35,74,141],"learning":[19,36,75,142,166],"using":[20,37,76,181],"high-end":[21],"computing":[22],"machines.":[23],"However,":[24],"there":[25,222],"is":[26,127,215,223],"a":[27,88,130,145,155,224],"lack":[28],"of":[29,82,91,94,101,243],"research":[32],"for":[33,72,144,227,232],"online":[34,73,165],"TinyML":[38,77],"devices":[39,78],"which":[40],"are":[41],"restricted":[42],"by":[43,129,197,200,230],"mini-batch":[45],"size,":[46,50],"neural":[48,245],"network":[49,202,246],"method":[54],"due":[55,236],"their":[57],"severe":[58],"hardware":[59],"resource":[60],"constraints":[61],"power":[63],"budgets.":[64],"We":[65],"name":[66],"Tiny":[67],"Online":[68],"Federated":[69],"Learning":[70],"(TinyOFL)":[71],"Internet":[81],"Things":[83],"(IoT).":[84],"This":[85],"paper":[86],"performs":[87],"comprehensive":[89],"analysis":[90,126],"effects":[93],"TinyOFL":[98,131,228],"terms":[100],"accuracy,":[102],"stability,":[103],"overfitting,":[104],"efficiency,":[106],"energy":[107],"consumption,":[108],"delivery":[110],"time,":[111],"extracts":[113],"practical":[114],"guidelines":[115],"on":[116],"how":[117],"apply":[119],"TinyOFL.":[124],"Our":[125,149],"supported":[128],"case":[132],"study":[133],"with":[134,240],"three":[135],"Arduino":[136],"Portenta":[137],"H7":[138],"boards":[139],"running":[140],"keyword":[146],"spotting":[147],"task.":[148],"findings":[150],"include":[151],"that":[152,221],"TinyOFL,":[154,207],"more":[156],"aggressive":[157],"can":[160],"be":[161],"allowed":[162],"than":[163],"without":[167,169],"FL,":[168],"affecting":[170],"accuracy":[172,187,234],"thanks":[173],"TinyOFL\u2019s":[175],"quasi-batch":[176],"training":[177],"property.":[178],"For":[179],"example,":[180],"7-bit":[182],"weights":[183],"achieved":[184],"equivalent":[186],"32-bit":[189],"floating":[190],"point":[191],"weights,":[192],"while":[193],"saving":[194],"4.6\u00d7.":[198],"Overfitting":[199],"increasing":[201],"width":[203],"rarely":[204],"occurs":[205],"but":[208],"may":[209],"occur":[210],"if":[211],"strong":[212],"applied.":[216],"The":[217],"experiments":[218],"also":[219],"showed":[220],"design":[225],"space":[226],"applications":[229],"compensating":[231],"loss":[235],"an":[241],"increase":[242],"size.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2024-01-05T00:00:00"}