{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390197153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.081591","title":"Intergenerational Social Mobility, Brain Structure, and Cognitive Trajectory: Findings from the Whitehall II Study","display_name":"Intergenerational Social Mobility, Brain Structure, and Cognitive Trajectory: Findings from the Whitehall II Study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390197153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.081591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/alz.081591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.081591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.081591","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/alz.081591","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108427512","display_name":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","issn_l":"1552-5260","issn":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/alz.081591","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051342941","display_name":"Yingxu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-4911","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5053-4911","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3023-8445"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingxu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tohoku Univeristy, Sendai  Japan","Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tohoku Univeristy, Sendai  Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101888483","display_name":"Yinghao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-8430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-8430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinghao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tohoku Univeristy, Sendai, Japan","Tohoku University, Sendai  Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tohoku Univeristy, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tohoku University, Sendai  Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087339898","display_name":"Yuehua Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-1753","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-1753"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuehua Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106672620","display_name":"Benjamin Thyreau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Thyreau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100449277","display_name":"Ye Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6093-4348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6093-4348","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-0708"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tohoku university, Sendai city, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tohoku university, Sendai city, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028646423","display_name":"Yasuyuki Taki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-1159","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-1159"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasuyuki Taki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010092165","display_name":"Honglei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-7779","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3446-7779"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honglei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051342941"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24337568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"S10","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.49239999055862427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.49239999055862427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.26249998807907104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.1096000000834465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergenerational-mobility","display_name":"intergenerational mobility","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-structure","display_name":"brain structure","score":0.6629999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37129596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194417","display_name":"Social mobility","level":2,"score":0.6120055913925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.599976658821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5459134578704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.45644456148147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781099131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744385","display_name":"Temporal lobe","level":3,"score":0.4531756043434143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.38882699608802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3366289436817169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.23189964890480042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.22232264280319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1630973219871521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/alz.081591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.081591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.081591","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/alz.081591","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108427512","display_name":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","issn_l":"1552-5260","issn":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/alz.081591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.081591","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.081591","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/alz.081591","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108427512","display_name":"Alzheimer s & Dementia","issn_l":"1552-5260","issn":["1552-5260","1552-5279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7246000170707703,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4074000120162964,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390197153.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390197153.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403351508","https://openalex.org/W4321612285","https://openalex.org/W4405561393","https://openalex.org/W2982869445","https://openalex.org/W4406219238","https://openalex.org/W7116795225","https://openalex.org/W3033130650","https://openalex.org/W4223637549","https://openalex.org/W4400803439","https://openalex.org/W3167810400"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Previous":[2],"studies":[3],"on":[4,11,66,124],"the":[5,25,32,57,131,136,155,190,196,209,215,223,240,288,326],"effects":[6],"of":[7,34,56,138,189,193,208,212,277,294,305,313,328],"intergenerational":[8],"social":[9,35,80,111,115,139,171,220,267,309,341],"mobility":[10,36,105,118,121,140,182,233,242,310,342],"cognitive":[12,41,94,99,295,318],"outcomes":[13],"were":[14,297],"not":[15],"consistent,":[16],"additionally,":[17],"underlining":[18],"brain":[19,38,152,329],"anatomical":[20],"variation":[21],"is":[22],"unclear.":[23],"In":[24,263],"present":[26],"study,":[27],"we":[28],"aim":[29],"to":[30,134,160,164,186,205],"examine":[31],"associations":[33],"with":[37,64,141],"structure":[39],"and":[40,93,101,119,146,154,174,201,204,226,250,291,311,316,331,343],"trajectories":[42,312],"in":[43,73,150,246,258],"older":[44],"adults.":[45],"Method":[46],"The":[47],"study":[48],"included":[49],"771":[50],"participants,":[51],"ages":[52],"69.8":[53],"\u00b15.2":[54],"years,":[55,168],"Whitehall":[58],"II":[59],"\u2010":[60],"MRI":[61],"substudy":[62],"(2012\u20102016)":[63],"data":[65],"their":[67,70],"father\u2019s":[68],"occupation,":[69],"own":[71],"occupation":[72],"mid\u2010life,":[74],"lifestyle":[75,172],"(smoking,":[76],"drinking,":[77],"physical":[78],"activity,":[79,81],"sleep":[82],"disturbances,":[83],"auditory":[84],"difficulty,":[85],"depression,":[86],"obesity,":[87],"hypertension),":[88],"neuroimaging":[89],"(T1":[90],"structural":[91],"MRI)":[92],"abilities":[95,296],"(global":[96],"cognition,":[97],"crystallized":[98,317],"ability,":[100],"fluid":[102,278,344],"intelligence).":[103],"Social":[104,181],"was":[106,183],"classified":[107],"into":[108],"stable":[109,113,265],"high":[110,219,266],"class,":[112,116],"low":[114],"upward":[117,232],"downward":[120,241,270],"group":[122,243],"based":[123],"occupational":[125],"shifts":[126],"from":[127],"father.":[128],"We":[129],"used":[130],"ANCOVA":[132],"tests":[133],"assess":[135],"association":[137,307],"gray":[142],"matter":[143],"volume":[144],"(GMV)":[145],"cortical":[147],"thickness":[148],"(CT)":[149],"various":[151],"regions,":[153],"growth":[156],"curve":[157],"modeling":[158],"(GCM)":[159],"evaluate":[161],"its":[162],"relations":[163],"cognition":[165,315],"over":[166],"20":[167],"adjusting":[169],"for":[170],"covariates":[173],"associated":[175],"GMV/CT":[176],"regions":[177,192,211],"identified":[178],"above.":[179],"Result":[180],"significantly":[184],"related":[185],"48":[187],"out":[188,207],"136":[191],"GMV":[194,225,237,330],"across":[195],"frontal":[197],"lobe,":[198,200],"limbic":[199],"temporal":[202],"lobe;":[203],"4":[206],"68":[210],"CT":[213,227,254,332],"at":[214],"whole\u2010brain":[216],"level.":[217],"Stable":[218],"class":[221,268],"preserved":[222,234],"largest":[224],"value;":[228],"pair\u2010wise":[229],"results":[230,301],"suggest":[231,302],"a":[235,252,273,303],"larger":[236,253],"value":[238,255,327],"than":[239],"(average":[244,256],"diff.":[245,257],"cm3:":[247],"0.121,":[248],"P<0.05);":[249],"similarly":[251],"cm:0.029,":[259],"P":[260],"=":[261,281],"0.051).":[262],"GCMs,":[264],"(ref.":[269],"mobility)":[271],"had":[272],"higher":[274],"entry":[275,289],"score":[276,290],"intelligence":[279,345],"(b":[280],"2.617,":[282],"P<0.05),":[283],"all":[284],"other":[285],"comparisons":[286],"including":[287],"decline":[292],"rate":[293],"non\u2010significant.":[298],"Conclusion":[299],"Our":[300],"lack":[304],"direct":[306],"between":[308,340],"global":[314],"ability;":[319],"instead,":[320],"an":[321,336],"indirect":[322],"effect":[323],"through":[324],"preserving":[325],"may":[333],"occur.":[334],"Additionally,":[335],"adverse":[337],"causal":[338],"relationship":[339],"might":[346],"happen.":[347]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2023-12-26T00:00:00"}
