{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389310600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","title":"Operationalizing Primary Outcomes to Achieve Reach, Effectiveness, and Equity in Multilevel Interventions","display_name":"Operationalizing Primary Outcomes to Achieve Reach, Effectiveness, and Equity in Multilevel Interventions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389310600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38047992","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11239781"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183721526","display_name":"Prevention Science","issn_l":"1389-4986","issn":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prevention Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081938720","display_name":"Kate Guastaferro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5616-9708","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5616-9708"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kate Guastaferro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA. Kate.guastaferro@nyu.edu","Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5616-9708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA. Kate.guastaferro@nyu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020315254","display_name":"Radley Christopher Sheldrick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-856X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0534-856X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166722992","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School","ror":"https://ror.org/0464eyp60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Christopher Sheldrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166722992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020604217","display_name":"Jillian C Strayhorn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3502-9623","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3502-9623"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jillian C. Strayhorn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072846904","display_name":"Emily Feinberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-4087","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-4087"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405272514","display_name":"Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04985xq27","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272514"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Feinberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330","https://openalex.org/I4405272514"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081938720"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"fwci":0.7052,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73661202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"S3","first_page":"397","last_page":"406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.8901000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.8901000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.029400000348687172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.021800000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-interventions","display_name":"multilevel interventions","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multicomponent-intervention","display_name":"multicomponent intervention","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-effectiveness","display_name":"intervention effectiveness","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-trial-design","display_name":"clinical trial design","score":0.531000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.8872983455657959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.6852934956550598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.6214471459388733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155164915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1403186","display_name":"Health psychology","level":3,"score":0.6082525253295898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5935260057449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.5566617846488953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778149918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3291156","display_name":"Population health","level":3,"score":0.5467851758003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4837096333503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.4665185213088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4416610300540924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.42177602648735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.4197216033935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4195190668106079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35245925188064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3221743702888489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.22959443926811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.19778454303741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.18537303805351257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1248355507850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10552003979682922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.08690845966339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069576","descriptor_name":"Health Equity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017063","descriptor_name":"Outcome Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183721526","display_name":"Prevention Science","issn_l":"1389-4986","issn":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prevention Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11239781","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11239781","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11239781/pdf/11121_2023_Article_1613.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prev Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38047992","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38047992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11121-023-01613-2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183721526","display_name":"Prevention Science","issn_l":"1389-4986","issn":["1389-4986","1573-6695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Prevention Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4396810300","display_name":"Optimizing a Paraprofessional, Family Partner Navigation Model for Children","funder_award_id":"R01MH117123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389310600.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389310600.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597770204","https://openalex.org/W1918881530","https://openalex.org/W1980868068","https://openalex.org/W1989449107","https://openalex.org/W1996198481","https://openalex.org/W1997302988","https://openalex.org/W2078892209","https://openalex.org/W2087221859","https://openalex.org/W2120079020","https://openalex.org/W2140719055","https://openalex.org/W2156726487","https://openalex.org/W2162778944","https://openalex.org/W2163659555","https://openalex.org/W2197280648","https://openalex.org/W2221100645","https://openalex.org/W2328547870","https://openalex.org/W3024052173","https://openalex.org/W3037188074","https://openalex.org/W3081434467","https://openalex.org/W3119899637","https://openalex.org/W3138582271","https://openalex.org/W3157891516","https://openalex.org/W3164222139","https://openalex.org/W3182608968","https://openalex.org/W3202395663","https://openalex.org/W4206770545","https://openalex.org/W4206942432","https://openalex.org/W4210710575","https://openalex.org/W4210857111","https://openalex.org/W4249292531","https://openalex.org/W4281609494","https://openalex.org/W4300850178","https://openalex.org/W4304759016","https://openalex.org/W4310679744","https://openalex.org/W4319655556","https://openalex.org/W6762424151"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391401255","https://openalex.org/W4399918230","https://openalex.org/W7084043270","https://openalex.org/W2088650890","https://openalex.org/W4253306032","https://openalex.org/W2186353505","https://openalex.org/W4400179001","https://openalex.org/W7221568440","https://openalex.org/W2189411841","https://openalex.org/W2945571657"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"intervention":[1,20,61,125,141,206],"scientists":[2],"plan":[3],"a":[4,56,67,71,115,121,184,188],"clinical":[5,185],"trial":[6,186],"of":[7,19,120,140,156,183,202,205],"an":[8,12,60,91],"intervention,":[9,192],"they":[10],"select":[11],"outcome":[13,23,75,87,134],"metric":[14,24,76],"that":[15,25,69,77,130,136,170,209],"operationalizes":[16],"their":[17],"definition":[18],"success.":[21,142],"The":[22],"is":[26,62,78],"selected":[27,79],"has":[28,163],"important":[29],"implications":[30,83,165],"for":[31,37,51,84,100,106,166,187,212],"which":[32,162],"interventions":[33],"are":[34,53],"eventually":[35],"supported":[36],"implementation":[38,119,195],"at":[39,196],"scale":[40,197],"and,":[41],"therefore,":[42],"what":[43],"health":[44,72,93,157],"benefits":[45,158],"(including":[46],"how":[47],"much":[48],"benefit":[49,152],"and":[50,153],"whom)":[52],"experienced":[54],"in":[55,66,159,180],"population.":[57,109],"Particularly":[58],"when":[59],"to":[63,117,126],"be":[64,178,215],"implemented":[65],"population":[68,151],"experiences":[70],"disparity,":[73,94],"the":[74,107,128,154,160,173,181],"can":[80,131,177,198,214],"also":[81],"have":[82,103],"equity.":[85,167],"Some":[86],"metrics":[88,135],"risk":[89],"exacerbating":[90],"existing":[92],"while":[95],"others":[96],"may":[97],"decrease":[98],"disparities":[99],"some":[101],"but":[102],"less":[104],"effect":[105],"larger":[108],"In":[110,143],"this":[111],"study,":[112],"we":[113,145,175],"use":[114],"computer":[116],"simulate":[118],"hypothetical":[122],"multilevel,":[123],"multicomponent":[124,191],"highlight":[127,146],"tradeoffs":[129,147],"occur":[132],"between":[133,148],"reflect":[137],"different":[138],"operationalizations":[139],"particular,":[144],"overall":[149],"mean":[150],"distribution":[155],"population,":[161],"direct":[164],"We":[168],"suggest":[169],"simulations":[171],"like":[172],"one":[174],"present":[176],"useful":[179],"planning":[182],"multilevel":[189],"and/or":[190],"since":[193],"simulated":[194],"illustrate":[199],"potential":[200],"consequences":[201,211],"candidate":[203],"operationalization":[204],"success,":[207],"such":[208],"unintended":[210],"equity":[213],"avoided.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2023-12-05T00:00:00"}