{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388931396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","title":"Exploring large language model for next generation of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology","display_name":"Exploring large language model for next generation of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388931396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38076260","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10701277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016183535","display_name":"Kai Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4369-2417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4369-2417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390966","display_name":"Yuan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6686-5584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6686-5584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113495","display_name":"Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/025fyfd20","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113495"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113495","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113152022","display_name":"Hongkang Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongkang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006822597","display_name":"Andrzej E. Grzybowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-2391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-2391"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446399","display_name":"Foundation for the Development of Ophthalmology","ror":"https://ror.org/01pmj6109","country_code":"PL","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388446399"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Grzybowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4388446399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100682480","display_name":"Juan Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-2500","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-2500","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5741-4867"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158318","display_name":"Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059cjpv64","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100682480"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158318","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":3295,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3295},"apc_paid":{"value":3295,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3295},"fwci":0.4045,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50992366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1291404","last_page":"1291404"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatgpt","display_name":"ChatGPT","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"ophthalmology","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-disease","display_name":"retinal disease","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anterior-segment-diseases","display_name":"anterior segment diseases","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"glaucoma","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"diagnostic accuracy","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-assisted-diagnosis","display_name":"AI-assisted diagnosis","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.921999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3786621391773224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3327077031135559}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10701277","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10701277","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10701277/pdf/fmed-10-1291404.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Med (Lausanne)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38076260","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38076260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9d572f1c3d5440248f56c79f5dffe549","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9d572f1c3d5440248f56c79f5dffe549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine, Vol 10 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2023.1291404/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1083066802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82201195","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388931396.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388931396.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107455939","https://openalex.org/W2888109941","https://openalex.org/W3038901217","https://openalex.org/W3083027974","https://openalex.org/W3119161812","https://openalex.org/W3192447662","https://openalex.org/W3203201400","https://openalex.org/W4200295368","https://openalex.org/W4200594589","https://openalex.org/W4205723032","https://openalex.org/W4210951263","https://openalex.org/W4221114274","https://openalex.org/W4226140336","https://openalex.org/W4290613782","https://openalex.org/W4292858576","https://openalex.org/W4297377503","https://openalex.org/W4304758302","https://openalex.org/W4317853296","https://openalex.org/W4318069287","https://openalex.org/W4321606060","https://openalex.org/W4323030608","https://openalex.org/W4324020464","https://openalex.org/W4324308091","https://openalex.org/W4353015365","https://openalex.org/W4365514412","https://openalex.org/W4366209204","https://openalex.org/W4366368023","https://openalex.org/W4366753179","https://openalex.org/W4367059909","https://openalex.org/W4367175039","https://openalex.org/W4367394076","https://openalex.org/W4367669592","https://openalex.org/W4367834585","https://openalex.org/W4368340908","https://openalex.org/W4375850424","https://openalex.org/W4376133327","https://openalex.org/W4378172691","https://openalex.org/W4378348076","https://openalex.org/W4378783137","https://openalex.org/W4379094566","https://openalex.org/W4379209901","https://openalex.org/W4380872237","https://openalex.org/W4381092249","https://openalex.org/W4381309537","https://openalex.org/W4381384296","https://openalex.org/W4381487488","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4386046428","https://openalex.org/W4386110374","https://openalex.org/W4389182159"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411091627","https://openalex.org/W4416441332","https://openalex.org/W4408080223","https://openalex.org/W4389574959","https://openalex.org/W4413519997","https://openalex.org/W4399171720","https://openalex.org/W4403719279","https://openalex.org/W4390534649","https://openalex.org/W4390616348","https://openalex.org/W4386572315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"ophthalmology":[3],"has":[4],"advanced":[5],"significantly,":[6],"thanks":[7],"to":[8],"rapid":[9],"progress":[10],"in":[11,41,47,57,85,107,111],"artificial":[12],"intelligence":[13],"(AI)":[14],"technologies.":[15],"Large":[16],"language":[17,29],"models":[18],"(LLMs)":[19],"like":[20],"ChatGPT":[21],"have":[22],"emerged":[23],"as":[24],"powerful":[25],"tools":[26],"for":[27,143],"natural":[28],"processing.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"finally":[33],"includes":[34],"108":[35],"studies,":[36],"and":[37,78,88,96,126,136],"explores":[38],"LLMs'":[39,83,104],"potential":[40],"the":[42,58,63,141,144],"next":[43,145],"generation":[44,146],"of":[45,55,60,66,121,147],"AI":[46,134],"ophthalmology.":[48,112],"The":[49],"results":[50],"encompass":[51,69],"a":[52,119],"diverse":[53],"range":[54],"studies":[56],"field":[59],"ophthalmology,":[61,71],"highlighting":[62],"versatile":[64],"applications":[65],"LLMs.":[67],"Subfields":[68],"general":[70],"retinal":[72],"diseases,":[73,76],"anterior":[74],"segment":[75],"glaucoma,":[77],"ophthalmic":[79,149],"plastics.":[80],"Results":[81],"show":[82],"competence":[84],"generating":[86],"informative":[87],"contextually":[89],"relevant":[90],"responses,":[91],"potentially":[92],"reducing":[93],"diagnostic":[94,124],"errors":[95],"improving":[97],"patient":[98,129],"outcomes.":[99],"Overall,":[100],"this":[101],"study":[102],"highlights":[103],"promising":[105],"role":[106],"shaping":[108],"AI's":[109],"future":[110],"By":[113],"leveraging":[114],"AI,":[115],"ophthalmologists":[116],"can":[117],"access":[118],"wealth":[120],"information,":[122],"enhance":[123],"accuracy,":[125],"provide":[127],"better":[128],"care.":[130],"Despite":[131],"challenges,":[132],"continued":[133],"advancements":[135],"ongoing":[137],"research":[138],"will":[139],"pave":[140],"way":[142],"AI-assisted":[148],"practices.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2023-11-24T00:00:00"}