{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388926257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","title":"Tubular curvature filter: pointwise curvature calculation for tubular objects in images","display_name":"Tubular curvature filter: pointwise curvature calculation for tubular objects in images","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388926257","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","pdf_url":"https://www.aivojournal.com/index.php/AIVO/article/download/155/271","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051684","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Vision and Ophthalmology","issn_l":"3051-2328","issn":["3051-2328","3117-4035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Vision and Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W4388926257"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.aivojournal.com/index.php/AIVO/article/download/155/271","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081646099","display_name":"Elifnur Sunger","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elifnur Sunger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013468807","display_name":"Beyza Kalkanl\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-6661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5382-6661"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beyza Kalkanli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003707518","display_name":"Veysi Y\u0131ld\u0131z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4467-2365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4467-2365"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veysi Yildiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Reinforce Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Reinforce Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009495271","display_name":"Tales Imbiriba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2626-2039","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2626-2039"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tales Imbiriba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083519142","display_name":"Giovanna Guidoboni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-0171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-0171"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7947594","display_name":"University of Maine","ror":"https://ror.org/01adr0w49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802397601","https://openalex.org/I7947594"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanna Guidoboni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7947594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peter Campbell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165690674","display_name":"Oregon Health & Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/009avj582","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083261801","display_name":"Deniz Erdogmus B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1114-3539","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1114-3539"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz Erdogmus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8261,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82126407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.6327999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.6327999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.23899999260902405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.04039999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy-of-prematurity","display_name":"retinopathy of prematurity","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hessian-eigenvectors","display_name":"Hessian eigenvectors","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-vessels","display_name":"retinal vasculature","score":0.6759999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.9147942066192627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203616005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620495","display_name":"Hessian matrix","level":2,"score":0.6804399490356445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185250623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2301683","display_name":"Tortuosity","level":3,"score":0.5766921043395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9248237","display_name":"Pointwise","level":2,"score":0.5231664776802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176809094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401496","display_name":"Traverse","level":2,"score":0.49732235074043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.48485979437828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47961175441741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.4716552793979645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.39964115619659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2348630428314209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.17186933755874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1391562521457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.09134256839752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.08354473114013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","pdf_url":"https://www.aivojournal.com/index.php/AIVO/article/download/155/271","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051684","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Vision and Ophthalmology","issn_l":"3051-2328","issn":["3051-2328","3117-4035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Vision and Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:AIVO-OJS:article/155","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.aivojournal.com/index.php/AIVO/article/view/155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051684","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Vision and Ophthalmology","issn_l":"3051-2328","issn":["3051-2328","3117-4035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.35119/aivo.v2i1","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2311.11931","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2311.11931","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.11931","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.11931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.11931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.11931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35119/aivo.v2i1.155","pdf_url":"https://www.aivojournal.com/index.php/AIVO/article/download/155/271","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407051684","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Vision and Ophthalmology","issn_l":"3051-2328","issn":["3051-2328","3117-4035"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Vision and Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1568689909","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Analysis and Control in Multi-Scale Interface Coupling between Deformable Porous Media and Lumped Hydraulic Circuits","funder_award_id":"2108711","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G176706347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P30EY10572","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","funder_display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5520599990","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Analysis and Control in Multi-Scale Interface Coupling between Deformable Porous Media and Lumped Hydraulic Circuits","funder_award_id":"2327640","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000908597","display_name":"Ophthalmology Core Facility","funder_award_id":"P30EY010572","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/04drjs621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388926257.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388926257.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W109375385","https://openalex.org/W132655277","https://openalex.org/W1480380503","https://openalex.org/W1502565078","https://openalex.org/W1522659726","https://openalex.org/W1971849256","https://openalex.org/W1999837610","https://openalex.org/W2006039944","https://openalex.org/W2008150751","https://openalex.org/W2009785047","https://openalex.org/W2015159529","https://openalex.org/W2051026589","https://openalex.org/W2098158945","https://openalex.org/W2104804805","https://openalex.org/W2110256471","https://openalex.org/W2112895684","https://openalex.org/W2114785422","https://openalex.org/W2141082694","https://openalex.org/W2150010209","https://openalex.org/W2152886386","https://openalex.org/W2156098294","https://openalex.org/W2166006153","https://openalex.org/W2294303980","https://openalex.org/W2320155856","https://openalex.org/W2323077734","https://openalex.org/W2462201078","https://openalex.org/W2537776020","https://openalex.org/W2604687243","https://openalex.org/W2800012666","https://openalex.org/W2930702982","https://openalex.org/W2939963590","https://openalex.org/W2980018645","https://openalex.org/W2996490063","https://openalex.org/W2996594166","https://openalex.org/W3009341683","https://openalex.org/W3034707487","https://openalex.org/W3086892733","https://openalex.org/W3093196859","https://openalex.org/W3093358384","https://openalex.org/W3182791891","https://openalex.org/W3195231142","https://openalex.org/W3215602927","https://openalex.org/W4297631074","https://openalex.org/W4385813883","https://openalex.org/W4389237397","https://openalex.org/W4393178528","https://openalex.org/W4403837085"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3042238328","https://openalex.org/W2318199947","https://openalex.org/W6960126355","https://openalex.org/W2148324585","https://openalex.org/W3134332862","https://openalex.org/W2611856928","https://openalex.org/W3159865927","https://openalex.org/W2941074456","https://openalex.org/W2137059236","https://openalex.org/W2007672971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"Accurate":[1],"estimation":[2],"of":[3,24,26,32,47,75,108,137,148,153,157,181,194,221,244],"blood":[4],"vessel":[5,48],"tortuosity":[6],"from":[7,259],"medical":[8,252],"images":[9,208],"is":[10,18,141,248],"an":[11],"extremely":[12],"important":[13],"and":[14,35,45,85,95,206,218,241],"challenging":[15],"task.":[16],"It":[17],"particularly":[19,249],"relevant":[20],"in":[21,72,126,150,162,251,271],"the":[22,30,43,73,97,106,124,127,135,138,145,151,154,167,172,179,182,216,239],"context":[23],"retinopathy":[25],"prematurity":[27],"(ROP),":[28],"where":[29,262],"staging":[31],"disease":[33],"severity":[34],"consequent":[36],"therapeutic":[37],"approaches":[38,227],"are":[39,121,131],"heavily":[40],"informed":[41],"by":[42,143],"presence":[44],"prominence":[46],"tortuosity.":[49],"Existing":[50],"methods":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53,83,204],"centerline":[54,125,180],"or":[55,177],"skeleton":[56],"curvature":[57,61,94,170,196,213,257],"fail":[58],"to":[59,116,123,174,236],"capture":[60],"gradients":[62],"across":[63],"a":[64,112,158],"rotating":[65],"tubular":[66,93,113,159,169,183,201,223,246],"structure,":[67],"thereby":[68],"limiting":[69],"their":[70],"effectiveness":[71],"case":[74],"ROP.":[76,272],"Design:":[77],"A":[78],"methodological":[79],"study":[80],"with":[81],"validation":[82],"artificial":[84],"real":[86],"images.":[87],"Methods:":[88],"This":[89,140],"paper":[90],"defines":[91],"local":[92,168,195],"presents":[96],"Tubular":[98],"Curvature":[99],"Filter":[100],"(TCF)":[101],"method,":[102],"which":[103],"locally":[104],"calculates":[105,166],"acceleration":[107],"curve":[109],"bundles":[110],"traversing":[111],"object":[114],"parallel":[115,122],"its":[117],"centerline.":[118],"These":[119],"curves":[120,133],"sense":[128],"that":[129,189,210,233,254],"they":[130],"integral":[132],"following":[134],"direction":[136],"ridge.":[139],"achieved":[142],"examining":[144],"directional":[146],"rate":[147],"change":[149],"eigenvectors":[152],"Hessian":[155],"matrix":[156],"intensity":[160],"function":[161],"space.":[163],"TCF":[164,190,211],"implicitly":[165],"without":[171],"need":[173],"explicitly":[175],"segment":[176],"extracting":[178],"object.":[184],"Results:":[185],"Experimental":[186],"results":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"provides":[191],"accurate":[192],"estimates":[193],"at":[197],"any":[198],"point":[199],"inside":[200],"structures.":[202],"Results":[203],"two-":[205],"three-dimensional":[207],"show":[209],"discerns":[212],"differences":[214],"between":[215,238],"inner":[217,240],"outer":[219,242],"sides":[220,243],"curved":[222,245],"objects,":[224],"while":[225],"centerline-based":[226],"cannot.":[228],"Conclusion:":[229],"Our":[230],"findings":[231],"highlight":[232],"TCF\u2019s":[234],"ability":[235],"discern":[237],"objects":[247],"useful":[250],"fields":[253],"require":[255],"vasculature":[256],"analysis":[258],"images,":[260],"especially":[261],"vascular":[263],"structures":[264],"often":[265],"have":[266],"non-uniform":[267],"diameters,":[268],"such":[269],"as":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2023-11-23T00:00:00"}
