{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388903608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113717","title":"Fluoridated Water, Effects and Green Removal Techniques","display_name":"Fluoridated Water, Effects and Green Removal Techniques","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388903608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5772/intechopen.113717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113717","pdf_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/citation-pdf-url/88550","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463448","display_name":"IntechOpen eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322558","host_organization_name":"IntechOpen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IntechOpen"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Quality - New Perspectives","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295556571","display_name":"Water Quality - New Perspectives"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/citation-pdf-url/88550","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086975045","display_name":"Veronica A. Okello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7766-1822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7766-1822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802891092","display_name":"Machakos University","ror":"https://ror.org/05eyrmk93","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802891092"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Veronica A. Okello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, Machakos, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, Machakos, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802891092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039894906","display_name":"Elizabeth N. Ndunda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6656-5413","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6656-5413"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802891092","display_name":"Machakos University","ror":"https://ror.org/05eyrmk93","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802891092"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth N. Ndunda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, Machakos, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, Machakos, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802891092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093316307","display_name":"Abisaki Esitsakha","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802891092","display_name":"Machakos University","ror":"https://ror.org/05eyrmk93","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802891092"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abisaki Esitsakha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, Machakos, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, Machakos, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802891092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093316308","display_name":"Mercy Jeptoo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405285549","display_name":"Taita Taveta University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nbqjt50","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405285549"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mercy Jeptoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mining and Mineral Processing Engineering, Taita Taveta University, Voi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mining and Mineral Processing Engineering, Taita Taveta University, Voi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405285549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086975045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802891092"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0061,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85801714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11969","display_name":"Fluoride Effects and Removal","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11969","display_name":"Fluoride Effects and Removal","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12646","display_name":"Inorganic Fluorides and Related Compounds","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1604","display_name":"Inorganic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11869","display_name":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluoride","display_name":"fluoride","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-fluoridation","display_name":"water fluoridation","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-fluorosis","display_name":"dental fluorosis","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletal-fluorosis","display_name":"skeletal fluorosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defluoridation","display_name":"fluoride removal","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluoride-monitoring","display_name":"fluoride monitoring","score":0.7839999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780828025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44793182","display_name":"Fluoride","level":2,"score":0.9115104675292969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779500671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3266880","display_name":"Skeletal fluorosis","level":4,"score":0.8495832681655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777373274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427959","display_name":"Dental fluorosis","level":3,"score":0.7789008617401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.42423075437545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.41060948371887207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.39159679412841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3705698847770691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.33414754271507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.3143417239189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2601645588874817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.23272573947906494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.10797011852264404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09499916434288025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5772/intechopen.113717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113717","pdf_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/citation-pdf-url/88550","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463448","display_name":"IntechOpen eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322558","host_organization_name":"IntechOpen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IntechOpen"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Quality - New Perspectives","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ito:pchaps:325755","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/88550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"book"},{"id":"pmh:oai:intechopen.com:88550","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mts.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/fluoridated-water-effects-and-green-removal-techniques","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401291","display_name":"Contact-less Assessment of In-vivo Body Signals Using Microwave Doppler Radar (InTech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210154139","host_organization_name":"Intech (Slovakia)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154139"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.intechopen.com/books/","raw_type":"Chapter, Part Of Book"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5772/intechopen.113717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113717","pdf_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/citation-pdf-url/88550","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463448","display_name":"IntechOpen eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322558","host_organization_name":"IntechOpen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IntechOpen"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Quality - New Perspectives","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3539401829","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FLR\\R1\\192054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","funder_display_name":"Royal Society"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4217014246","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4500429516","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323509","funder_display_name":"Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320006","display_name":"Royal Society","ror":"https://ror.org/03wnrjx87"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323509","display_name":"Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World","ror":"https://ror.org/00fszdj92"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388903608.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388903608.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148802573","https://openalex.org/W765503148","https://openalex.org/W1487504609","https://openalex.org/W1553656661","https://openalex.org/W1567668551","https://openalex.org/W1969210032","https://openalex.org/W1972941884","https://openalex.org/W1978553246","https://openalex.org/W1979349223","https://openalex.org/W1980111403","https://openalex.org/W1981759234","https://openalex.org/W1982037944","https://openalex.org/W1986006464","https://openalex.org/W1991792202","https://openalex.org/W1995939712","https://openalex.org/W2003115636","https://openalex.org/W2019876604","https://openalex.org/W2030195170","https://openalex.org/W2037289046","https://openalex.org/W2040124153","https://openalex.org/W2044079316","https://openalex.org/W2049913593","https://openalex.org/W2051962224","https://openalex.org/W2058059942","https://openalex.org/W2069758078","https://openalex.org/W2075066011","https://openalex.org/W2075989689","https://openalex.org/W2086982902","https://openalex.org/W2087610531","https://openalex.org/W2089888873","https://openalex.org/W2094273144","https://openalex.org/W2096275698","https://openalex.org/W2097506295","https://openalex.org/W2112362273","https://openalex.org/W2138539078","https://openalex.org/W2159933576","https://openalex.org/W2186276500","https://openalex.org/W2193815465","https://openalex.org/W2229510360","https://openalex.org/W2266419658","https://openalex.org/W2311160563","https://openalex.org/W2474774811","https://openalex.org/W2513560927","https://openalex.org/W2518685017","https://openalex.org/W2574979628","https://openalex.org/W2577688252","https://openalex.org/W2610634705","https://openalex.org/W2622494437","https://openalex.org/W2679874504","https://openalex.org/W2731589558","https://openalex.org/W2754408350","https://openalex.org/W2782579684","https://openalex.org/W2797127485","https://openalex.org/W2805546093","https://openalex.org/W2807404411","https://openalex.org/W2888875416","https://openalex.org/W2902999097","https://openalex.org/W2905634355","https://openalex.org/W2917181999","https://openalex.org/W2924320751","https://openalex.org/W2938491419","https://openalex.org/W2954767600","https://openalex.org/W2955001960","https://openalex.org/W2966722893","https://openalex.org/W2990715062","https://openalex.org/W2995062022","https://openalex.org/W3004895757","https://openalex.org/W3009109229","https://openalex.org/W3011879726","https://openalex.org/W3019503989","https://openalex.org/W3020479874","https://openalex.org/W3021731007","https://openalex.org/W3034591872","https://openalex.org/W3035246665","https://openalex.org/W3035976349","https://openalex.org/W3043082617","https://openalex.org/W3046359699","https://openalex.org/W3087185195","https://openalex.org/W3087296739","https://openalex.org/W3134492545","https://openalex.org/W3136580948","https://openalex.org/W3138973194","https://openalex.org/W3159206557","https://openalex.org/W3163253447","https://openalex.org/W3167960814","https://openalex.org/W3176740494","https://openalex.org/W3188799727","https://openalex.org/W3210132635","https://openalex.org/W4200082774","https://openalex.org/W4206703733","https://openalex.org/W4211191648","https://openalex.org/W4220949128","https://openalex.org/W4280610343","https://openalex.org/W4289224932","https://openalex.org/W4308185257","https://openalex.org/W4310633965","https://openalex.org/W4313414364","https://openalex.org/W4319598140","https://openalex.org/W4323357449"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408373053","https://openalex.org/W2594316641","https://openalex.org/W4380323493","https://openalex.org/W4386254010","https://openalex.org/W3202688077","https://openalex.org/W4226343364","https://openalex.org/W3087926807","https://openalex.org/W7097920633","https://openalex.org/W4390475241","https://openalex.org/W2040677979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fluoride":[0],"is":[1,168],"a":[2,169],"naturally":[3],"occurring":[4],"mineral":[5],"released":[6],"by":[7,74],"rocks":[8],"into":[9],"water,":[10],"soil":[11],"and":[12,59,78,102,171,191],"air.":[13],"It":[14],"elicits":[15],"dual":[16],"effects":[17,22,190],"to":[18,28,35,41,89,109,135,198],"organisms.":[19],"Its":[20],"beneficial":[21],"are":[23,39,85,146,156],"effected":[24],"through":[25],"water":[26,34,115],"fluoridation":[27],"adjust":[29],"fluoride":[30,46,55,83,98,113,140,152,164],"content":[31],"in":[32,114,141,165,182],"drinking":[33,142],"acceptable":[36],"levels":[37,84,124,138],"that":[38,194],"deemed":[40],"prevent":[42],"tooth":[43],"decay.":[44],"Moreover,":[45],"itself":[47],"may":[48],"be":[49],"dangerous":[50],"at":[51],"high":[52,97],"levels.":[53],"Excessive":[54],"causes":[56],"dental":[57],"fluorosis":[58,61,67],"skeletal":[60,71],"or":[62],"even":[63],"severe":[64],"form":[65],"of":[66,96,112,139,178],"known":[68],"as":[69,88,148,186,188],"\u201ccrippling":[70],"fluorosis,\u201d":[72],"characterized":[73],"muscle":[75],"wasting,":[76],"immobility":[77],"neurological":[79],"problems.":[80],"Studies":[81],"on":[82,163],"important":[86],"so":[87],"protect":[90],"organisms":[91],"from":[92,196],"the":[93,110,118,126,137,166,183],"adverse":[94],"effect":[95],"exposure.":[99],"Various":[100],"conventional":[101,197],"sensor-based":[103],"technologies":[104,145,193],"have":[105],"been":[106],"applied,":[107],"leading":[108],"detection":[111],"systems":[116],"across":[117],"globe,":[119],"with":[120,158],"some":[121],"regions":[122],"reporting":[123],"above":[125],"World":[127],"Health":[128],"Organization":[129],"(WHO)":[130],"limits.":[131],"This":[132],"necessitates":[133],"interventions":[134],"reduce":[136],"water.":[143],"Green":[144],"emerging":[147],"viable":[149],"options":[150],"for":[151],"remediation":[153],"since":[154],"they":[155],"associated":[157],"minimal":[159],"environmental":[160],"contamination.":[161],"Knowledge":[162],"environment":[167],"key":[170],"therefore,":[172],"this":[173],"chapter":[174],"provides":[175],"an":[176],"overview":[177],"fluorides,":[179],"their":[180],"monitoring":[181],"environment,":[184],"benefits":[185],"well":[187],"health":[189],"removal":[192],"range":[195],"green":[199],"technologies.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2023-11-23T00:00:00"}
