{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388858956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576915.3616583","title":"Boosting the Performance of High-Assurance Cryptography: Parallel Execution and Optimizing Memory Access in Formally-Verified Line-Point Zero-Knowledge","display_name":"Boosting the Performance of High-Assurance Cryptography: Parallel Execution and Optimizing Memory Access in Formally-Verified Line-Point Zero-Knowledge","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388858956","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576915.3616583"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3576915.3616583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576915.3616583","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009216069","display_name":"Samuel Dittmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0018-6354"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Dittmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stealth Software Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0018-6354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stealth Software Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061680900","display_name":"Karim Eldefrawy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-0047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karim Eldefrawy","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4008-0047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083284084","display_name":"St\u00e9phane Graham-Lengrand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2112-7284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"St\u00e9phane Graham-Lengrand","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2112-7284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054130528","display_name":"Steve Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1837-8864"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stealth Software Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1837-8864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stealth Software Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020375635","display_name":"Rafail Ostrovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1501-1330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafail Ostrovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1501-1330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101575464","display_name":"V\u00edtor Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-9105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1298353152","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitor Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["SRI International, Menlo Parke, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5721-9105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SRI International, Menlo Parke, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1298353152","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8158,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78831215,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2098","last_page":"2112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9011695981025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.8784379959106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5256927013397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.4948062300682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4869455099105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.48210814595222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.46883076429367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.45760512351989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.4258241653442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.39678993821144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.344527006149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19061481952667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18052953481674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.1668287217617035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9011695981025696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.8784379959106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5256927013397217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.4948062300682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4869455099105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.48210814595222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.46883076429367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.45760512351989746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.4258241653442383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39678993821144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.344527006149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19061481952667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18052953481674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.1668287217617035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3576915.3616583","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3576915.3616583","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7562745228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR001120C0086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980227445","https://openalex.org/W1994278052","https://openalex.org/W2016172583","https://openalex.org/W2350778671","https://openalex.org/W2766545755","https://openalex.org/W2767162229","https://openalex.org/W2890999648","https://openalex.org/W2986715259","https://openalex.org/W3046380193","https://openalex.org/W3187976475","https://openalex.org/W3190538822","https://openalex.org/W3211983492","https://openalex.org/W3214651532","https://openalex.org/W3216203331","https://openalex.org/W4308411105","https://openalex.org/W4388858956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W301619107","https://openalex.org/W1560708224","https://openalex.org/W2475659450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,5,24,78,111,117,120,147,150,165,181,204,221],"notable":[2],"advances":[3],"in":[4,135],"development":[6],"of":[7,11,33,95,119,149,153,155,203,231],"high-assurance,":[8],"verified":[9,56,93,190],"implementations":[10,15,57],"cryptographic":[12],"protocols,":[13],"such":[14,55,74,128,159,235],"typically":[16],"face":[17],"significant":[18],"performance":[19,43,75,118,148,160,211],"overheads,":[20],"particularly":[21],"due":[22],"to":[23,109,139],"penalties":[25],"induced":[26],"by":[27,48,162,169,179],"formal":[28,51],"verification":[29],"and":[30,65,100,114,144,177,193,216,226],"automated":[31,229],"extraction":[32],"executable":[34,122,195,232],"code.":[35,123],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39,98,209],"address":[40,218],"some":[41],"core":[42],"challenges":[44,219,227],"facing":[45,220,228],"computer-aided":[46,222],"cryptography":[47],"presenting":[49],"a":[50,84,91,141,171],"treatment":[52],"for":[53,72],"accelerating":[54],"based":[58],"on":[59],"multiple":[60],"generic":[61],"optimizations":[62,186],"covering":[63],"parallelism":[64],"memory":[66,182],"access.":[67],"We":[68,124,157],"illustrate":[69],"our":[70,104],"techniques":[71],"addressing":[73],"bottlenecks":[76],"using":[77,102],"Line-Point":[79],"Zero-Knowledge":[80],"(LPZK)":[81],"protocol":[82],"as":[83],"case":[85],"study.":[86],"Our":[87],"starting":[88],"point":[89],"is":[90,107,197],"new":[92],"implementation":[94,106,152],"LPZK":[96,154],"that":[97],"formalize":[99],"synthesize":[101],"EasyCrypt;":[103],"first":[105,163,188],"developed":[108],"reduce":[110],"proof":[112],"effort":[113],"without":[115],"considering":[116],"extracted":[121,130],"then":[125,168,194],"show":[126],"how":[127],"(automatically)":[129],"code":[131,196,233],"can":[132],"be":[133],"optimized":[134],"three":[136],"different":[137],"ways":[138],"obtain":[140,158],"3000x":[142],"speedup":[143],"thus":[145],"matching":[146],"manual":[151],"lpzkv2.[13]":[156],"gains":[161,212],"modifying":[164],"algorithmic":[166],"specifications,":[167],"adopting":[170],"provably":[172],"secure":[173],"parallel":[174],"execution":[175],"model,":[176],"finally":[178],"optimizing":[180],"access":[183],"structures.":[184],"All":[185],"are":[187],"formally":[189],"inside":[191],"EasyCrypt,":[192],"automatically":[198],"synthesized":[199],"from":[200,214],"each":[201,207],"step":[202],"formalization.":[205],"For":[206],"optimization,":[208],"analyze":[210],"resulting":[213],"it":[215],"also":[217],"security":[223],"proofs":[224],"thereof,":[225],"synthesis":[230],"with":[234],"an":[236],"optimization.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}