{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388775013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229247","title":"An Adaptive Intrusion Detection System in the Internet of Medical Things Using Fuzzy-Based Learning","display_name":"An Adaptive Intrusion Detection System in the Internet of Medical Things Using Fuzzy-Based Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388775013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229247","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005635","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10674369"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229247","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9247/pdf?version=1700223090","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9247/pdf?version=1700223090","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092013620","display_name":"Mousa Alalhareth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2696-1607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2696-1607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mousa Alalhareth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21204, USA","Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science and Information System, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science and Information System, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109126772","display_name":"Sungchul Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1396-4779","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1396-4779"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Chul Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21204, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092013620"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298","https://openalex.org/I47164929"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2669},"fwci":5.6728,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96872599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"22","first_page":"9247","last_page":"9247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13038","display_name":"Internet of Things and AI","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-systems","display_name":"intrusion detection systems","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-medical-things","display_name":"Internet of Medical Things","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-stopping","display_name":"early stopping","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-cybersecurity","display_name":"healthcare cybersecurity","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-patient-monitoring","display_name":"remote patient monitoring","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-reduction","display_name":"false positive reduction","score":0.5910000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.9198455810546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7847186923027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7841964364051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6404399871826172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5903069376945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5827561020851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5377711057662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.42368900775909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40117841958999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3578999638557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3461170792579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2415330708026886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0947374701499939}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007360","descriptor_name":"Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229247","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9247/pdf?version=1700223090","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10674369","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10674369","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10674369/pdf/sensors-23-09247.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:38005635","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38005635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46c8301cc7b04b549c1bf7bee98e4bb2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/46c8301cc7b04b549c1bf7bee98e4bb2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 23, Iss 22, p 9247 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s23229247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229247","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/22/9247/pdf?version=1700223090","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388775013.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388775013.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170856142","https://openalex.org/W2317064518","https://openalex.org/W2786070938","https://openalex.org/W2885012953","https://openalex.org/W2953056235","https://openalex.org/W2955047895","https://openalex.org/W3009422166","https://openalex.org/W3023836269","https://openalex.org/W3033403042","https://openalex.org/W3033675321","https://openalex.org/W3035037193","https://openalex.org/W3045527353","https://openalex.org/W3088415781","https://openalex.org/W3110885177","https://openalex.org/W3111288713","https://openalex.org/W3121022046","https://openalex.org/W3156454600","https://openalex.org/W3163848339","https://openalex.org/W3196438265","https://openalex.org/W3200314112","https://openalex.org/W3204337244","https://openalex.org/W3208954293","https://openalex.org/W3213173707","https://openalex.org/W3214727746","https://openalex.org/W4200094870","https://openalex.org/W4200247652","https://openalex.org/W4207072427","https://openalex.org/W4211089413","https://openalex.org/W4212986808","https://openalex.org/W4220898392","https://openalex.org/W4224019251","https://openalex.org/W4280638670","https://openalex.org/W4284994113","https://openalex.org/W4285226608","https://openalex.org/W4285295082","https://openalex.org/W4293586385","https://openalex.org/W4293723031","https://openalex.org/W4304183900","https://openalex.org/W4307647291","https://openalex.org/W4317038427","https://openalex.org/W4318464942","https://openalex.org/W4320492850","https://openalex.org/W4353046955","https://openalex.org/W4362558902","https://openalex.org/W4366377462","https://openalex.org/W4367310283","https://openalex.org/W4378084132","https://openalex.org/W4379618984","https://openalex.org/W4380078117","https://openalex.org/W4381485906","https://openalex.org/W4385421722","https://openalex.org/W4386223270"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7201965744","https://openalex.org/W4391317406","https://openalex.org/W7115059917","https://openalex.org/W7116941515","https://openalex.org/W4220898392","https://openalex.org/W7130525380","https://openalex.org/W7155006246","https://openalex.org/W4386521761","https://openalex.org/W7117118069","https://openalex.org/W7127126993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,142,188],"Internet":[1,14],"of":[2,15,110,129,170,185,190,197],"Medical":[3],"Things":[4],"(IoMT)":[5],"is":[6,67],"a":[7,90],"growing":[8],"trend":[9],"within":[10],"the":[11,45,102,108,127,140,168,183,195],"rapidly":[12],"expanding":[13],"Things,":[16],"enhancing":[17],"healthcare":[18,34],"operations":[19,35],"and":[20,36,41,55,75,81,112,119,155,174,181,200],"remote":[21],"patient":[22,37],"monitoring.":[23],"However,":[24,60],"these":[25],"devices":[26],"are":[27,58],"vulnerable":[28],"to":[29,33,116,125,194],"cyber-attacks,":[30],"posing":[31],"risks":[32],"safety.":[38],"To":[39],"detect":[40],"counteract":[42],"attacks":[43],"on":[44],"IoMT,":[46],"methods":[47],"such":[48],"as":[49,61],"intrusion":[50,97],"detection":[51,98,157],"systems,":[52],"log":[53],"monitoring,":[54],"threat":[56],"intelligence":[57],"utilized.":[59],"attackers":[62],"refine":[63],"their":[64],"methods,":[65],"there":[66],"an":[68],"increasing":[69],"shift":[70],"toward":[71],"using":[72,171],"machine":[73],"learning":[74,77,179],"deep":[76,178],"for":[78,101,139,204],"more":[79,198],"accurate":[80,201],"predictive":[82],"attack":[83],"detection.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86,191],"paper,":[87],"we":[88],"propose":[89],"fuzzy-based":[91],"self-tuning":[92],"Long":[93],"Short-Term":[94],"Memory":[95],"(LSTM)":[96],"system":[99],"(IDS)":[100],"IoMT.":[103,141],"Our":[104],"approach":[105],"dynamically":[106],"adjusts":[107],"number":[109],"epochs":[111,173],"utilizes":[113],"early":[114],"stopping":[115],"prevent":[117],"overfitting":[118],"underfitting.":[120],"We":[121,165],"conducted":[122],"extensive":[123],"experiments":[124],"evaluate":[126],"performance":[128],"our":[130,146],"proposed":[131],"model,":[132],"comparing":[133],"it":[134],"with":[135],"existing":[136],"IDS":[137,202],"models":[138,180,203],"results":[143],"show":[144],"that":[145],"model":[147],"achieves":[148],"high":[149,156],"accuracy,":[150],"low":[151],"false":[152],"positive":[153],"rates,":[154,158],"indicating":[159],"its":[160],"effectiveness":[161],"in":[162,177],"identifying":[163],"intrusions.":[164],"also":[166],"discuss":[167],"challenges":[169],"static":[172],"batch":[175],"sizes":[176],"highlight":[182],"importance":[184],"dynamic":[186],"adjustment.":[187],"findings":[189],"study":[192],"contribute":[193],"development":[196],"efficient":[199],"IoMT":[205],"scenarios.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2023-11-18T00:00:00"}
